scholarly journals Molecular Analysis ofEscherichia colifrom Retail Meats (2002–2004) from the United States National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Johnson ◽  
James S. McCabe ◽  
David G. White ◽  
Brian Johnston ◽  
Michael A. Kuskowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Resistance Monitoring ◽  
Retail Meats

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance among Invasive NontyphoidalSalmonella entericaIsolates in the United States: National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System, 1996 to 2007

2011 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 1148-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Crump ◽  
Felicita M. Medalla ◽  
Kevin W. Joyce ◽  
Amy L. Krueger ◽  
R. Michael Hoekstra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
The United States ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Resistance Monitoring ◽  
Common Serotypes

ABSTRACTNontyphoidal salmonellae (NTS) are important causes of community-acquired bloodstream infection. We describe patterns of antimicrobial resistance among invasive NTS in the United States. We compared bloodstream NTS isolates with those from stool submitted to the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) from 1996 to 2007. We describe antimicrobial resistance among invasive strains by serogroup and serotype. Of the 19,302 NTS isolates, 17,804 (92.2%) were from stool or blood. Of these, 1,050 (5.9%) were bloodstream isolates. The median ages (ranges) of patients with and without bacteremia were 36 (<1 to 97) years and 20 (<1 to 105) years, respectively (P< 0.001). Males (odds ratio [OR], 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06 to 1.38) and those ≥65 years of age were at greater risk for invasive disease.Salmonella entericaserotypes Enteritidis, Typhimurium, and Heidelberg were the most common serotypes isolated from blood;S. entericaserotypes Dublin, Sandiego, and Schwarzengrund were associated with the greatest risk for bloodstream isolation. Of invasive isolates, 208 (19.8%) were resistant to ampicillin, 117 (11.1%) to chloramphenicol, and 26 (2.5%) to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; 28 (2.7%) isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid and 26 (2.5%) to ceftriaxone. Antimicrobial resistance to traditional agents is common. However, the occurrence of nalidixic acid and ceftriaxone resistance among invasive NTS is cause for clinical and public health vigilance.

scholarly journals High Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance among Shigella Isolates in the United States Tested by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System from 1999 to 2002

2006 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumathi Sivapalasingam ◽  
Jennifer M. Nelson ◽  
Kevin Joyce ◽  
Mike Hoekstra ◽  
Frederick J. Angulo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
The United States ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Shigella Sonnei ◽  
Shigella Dysenteriae ◽  
Resistance Monitoring

ABSTRACT Shigella spp. infect approximately 450,000 persons annually in the United States, resulting in over 6,000 hospitalizations. Since 1999, the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) for Enteric Bacteria has tested every 10th Shigella isolate from 16 state or local public health laboratories for susceptibility to 15 antimicrobial agents. From 1999 to 2002, NARMS tested 1,604 isolates. Among 1,598 isolates identified to species level, 1,278 (80%) were Shigella sonnei, 295 (18%) were Shigella flexneri, 18 (1%) were Shigella boydii, and 7 (0.4%) were Shigella dysenteriae. Overall, 1,251 (78%) were resistant to ampicillin and 744 (46%) were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). Prevalence of TMP-SMX- or ampicillin- and TMP-SMX-resistant Shigella sonnei isolates varied by geographic region, with lower rates in the South and Midwest regions (TMP-SMX resistance, 27% and 30%, respectively; ampicillin and TMP-SMX resistance, 25% and 22%, respectively) and higher rates in the East and West regions (TMP-SMX resistance, 66% and 80%, respectively; ampicillin and TMP-SMX resistance, 54% and 65%, respectively). Nineteen isolates (1%) were resistant to nalidixic acid (1% of S. sonnei and 2% of S. flexneri isolates); 12 (63%) of these isolates had decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. One S. flexneri isolate was resistant to ciprofloxacin. All isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone. Since 1986, resistance to ampicillin and TMP-SMX has dramatically increased. Shigella isolates in the United States remain susceptible to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone.

scholarly journals Identification of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance in Salmonella Isolated from Swine Ceca and Retail Pork Chops in the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory H. Tyson ◽  
Heather P. Tate ◽  
Shaohua Zhao ◽  
Cong Li ◽  
Uday Dessai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Quinolone Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Resistance Monitoring ◽  
Pork Products ◽  
Resistance Plasmids

ABSTRACT Fluoroquinolones are important antimicrobial drugs used to treat human Salmonella infections, and resistance is rare in the United States for isolates from human and animal sources. Recently, a number of Salmonella isolates from swine cecal contents and retail pork products from National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) surveillance exhibited decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. We identified two qnrB19 quinolone resistance plasmids that are predominantly responsible for this phenomenon and found them distributed among several Salmonella serotypes isolated throughout the United States.

scholarly journals Characterization of Multiple-Antimicrobial-Resistant Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Retail Meats

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng Chen ◽  
Shaohua Zhao ◽  
David G. White ◽  
Carl M. Schroeder ◽  
Ran Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
The United States ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Resistance Determinants ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Retail Meats

ABSTRACT A total of 133 Salmonella isolates recovered from retail meats purchased in the United States and the People's Republic of China were assayed for antimicrobial susceptibility, the presence of integrons and antimicrobial resistance genes, and horizontal transfer of characterized antimicrobial resistance determinants via conjugation. Seventy-three (82%) of these Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent. Resistance to the following antibiotics was common among the United States isolates: tetracycline (68% of the isolates were resistant), streptomycin (61%), sulfamethoxazole (42%), and ampicillin (29%). Eight Salmonella isolates (6%) were resistant to ceftriaxone. Fourteen isolates (11%) from the People's Republic of China were resistant to nalidixic acid and displayed decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. A total of 19 different antimicrobial resistance genes were identified in 30 multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates. The bla CMY-2 gene, encoding a class A AmpC β-lactamase, was detected in all 10 Salmonella isolates resistant to extended-spectrum β-lactams. Resistance to ampicillin was most often associated with a TEM-1 family β-lactamase gene. Six aminoglycoside resistance genes, aadA1, aadA2, aacC2, Kn, aph(3)-IIa, and aac(3)-IVa, were commonly present in the Salmonella isolates. Sixteen (54%) of 30 Salmonella isolates tested had integrons ranging in size from 0.75 to 2.7 kb. Conjugation studies demonstrated that there was plasmid-mediated transfer of genes encoding CMY-2 and TEM-1-like β-lactamases. These data indicate that Salmonella isolates recovered from retail raw meats are commonly resistant to multiple antimicrobials, including those used for treating salmonellosis, such as ceftriaxone. Genes conferring antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella are often carried on integrons and plasmids and could be transmitted through conjugation. These mobile DNA elements have likely played an important role in transmission and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance determinants among Salmonella strains.

scholarly journals Genotypic relatedness and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella Heidelberg isolated from chickens and turkeys in the midwestern United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 370-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nisar ◽  
Issmat I. Kassem ◽  
Gireesh Rajashekara ◽  
Sagar M. Goyal ◽  
Dale Lauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Foodborne Illnesses ◽  
Retail Meats ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Salmonella Heidelberg

Salmonella is one of the most common causes of foodborne illnesses in humans in the United States, and domestic poultry is considered an important source of this pathogen. Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Heidelberg is the fourth most commonly reported Salmonella from retail meats and food animals in the United States. We assessed the genotypes and antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of Salmonella Heidelberg isolated from various chicken and turkey hatcheries and breeder farms in the Midwest. The genotypes of 33 S. Heidelberg isolates from chickens ( n = 19) and turkeys ( n = 14) were compared using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis. Cluster analysis of the fingerprints showed that the majority of the chicken isolates grouped together with 87% similarity; those from turkeys clustered with 88% similarity. Similarity between chicken and turkey isolates was also high (86%). Isolates from turkeys were generally more genetically diverse than those from chickens. Antimicrobial susceptibility analysis detected resistance to sulfisoxazole (36% of the isolates), streptomycin (33%), gentamicin (27%), tetracycline (24%), ampicillin and amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (15%), cefoxitin (12%), ceftriaxone and ceftiofur (12%), and chloramphenicol (9%). None of the isolates was resistant to azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, or nalidixic acid. Although the number of the isolates was limited in our study, we conclude that S. Heidelberg isolates from the same host generally clustered together and that a considerable number of the isolates were resistant to a number of antimicrobial agents.

scholarly journals Need for Annual Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: 2-Year Longitudinal Analysis

2001 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 1037-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel F. Sahm ◽  
James A. Karlowsky ◽  
Laurie J. Kelly ◽  
Ian A. Critchley ◽  
Mark E. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Resistance To Penicillin

ABSTRACT Although changing patterns in antimicrobial resistance inStreptococcus pneumoniae have prompted several surveillance initiatives in recent years, the frequency with which these studies are needed has not been addressed. To approach this issue, the extent to which resistance patterns change over a 1-year period was examined. In this study we analyzed S. pneumoniaeantimicrobial susceptibility results produced in our laboratory with isolates obtained over 2 consecutive years (1997–1998 and 1998–1999) from the same 96 institutions distributed throughout the United States. Comparison of results revealed increases in resistant percentages for all antimicrobial agents studied except vancomycin. For four of the agents tested (penicillin, cefuroxime, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and levofloxacin), the increases were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Resistance to the fluoroquinolone remained low in both years (0.1 and 0.6%, respectively); in contrast, resistance to macrolides was consistently greater than 20%, and resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole increased from 13.3 to 27.3%. Multidrug resistance, concurrent resistance to three or more antimicrobials of different chemical classes, also increased significantly between years, from 5.9 to 11%. The most prevalent phenotype was resistance to penicillin, azithromycin (representative macrolide), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Multidrug-resistant phenotypes that included fluoroquinolone resistance were uncommon; however, two phenotypes that included fluoroquinolone resistance not found in 1997–1998 were encountered in 1998–1999. This longitudinal surveillance study of resistance inS. pneumoniae revealed that significant changes do occur in just a single year and supports the need for surveillance at least on an annual basis, if not continuously.

scholarly journals Emergence of high rates of antimicrobial resistance among viridans group streptococci in the United States.

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 891-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
G V Doern ◽  
M J Ferraro ◽  
A B Brueggemann ◽  
K L Ruoff
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Blood Culture ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Streptococcus Milleri ◽  
Intermediate Resistance ◽  
High Level ◽  
Viridans Group Streptococci

Three hundred fifty-two blood culture isolates of viridans group streptococci obtained from 43 U.S. medical centers during 1993 and 1994 were characterized. Included were 48 isolates of "Streptococcus milleri," 219 S. mitis isolates, 29 S. salivarius isolates, and 56 S. sanguis isolates. High-level penicillin resistance (MIC, > or = 4.0 micrograms/ml) was noted among 13.4% of the strains; for 42.9% of the strains, penicillin MICs were 0.25 to 2.0 micrograms/ml (i.e., intermediate resistance). In general, amoxicillin was slightly more active than penicillin. The rank order of activity for five cephalosporins versus viridans group streptococci was cefpodoxime = ceftriaxone > cefprozil = cefuroxime > cephalexin. The percentages of isolates resistant (MIC, > or = 2 micrograms/ml) to these agents were 15, 17, 18, 20, and 96, respectively. The rates of resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were 12 to 38%. Resistance to either chloramphenicol or ofloxacin was uncommon (i.e., < 1%). In general, among the four species, S. mitis was the most resistant and "S. milleri" was the most susceptible.

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