scholarly journals Longitudinal Analysis of CD4 T Cell Counts, T Cell Reactivity, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Levels in Persons Remaining AIDS‐Free despite CD4 Cell Counts 5 Years

1997 ◽  
Vol 176 (3) ◽  
pp. 665-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. P. M. Keet ◽  
M. Janssen ◽  
P. J. Veugelers ◽  
F. Miedema ◽  
M. R. Klein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cd4 T Cell ◽  
Cell Reactivity ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Cd4 Cell Counts ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cell Reactivity ◽  
Cd4 Cell

Acute Sexually Transmitted Infections Increase Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Plasma Viremia, Increase Plasma Type 2 Cytokines, and Decrease CD4 Cell Counts

2000 ◽  
Vol 182 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aggrey O. Anzala ◽  
J. Neil Simonsen ◽  
Joshua Kimani ◽  
T. Blake Ball ◽  
Nico J. D. Nagelkerke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Plasma Viremia ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Cd4 Cell Counts ◽  
Type 2 Cytokines ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cd4 Cell

scholarly journals Can the Level of Immunosuppression in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients Affect the Reliability of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 2 Serological Diagnosis?

2006 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvina Bassani ◽  
Carlos Toro ◽  
Victoria Jiménez ◽  
Berta Rodés ◽  
Vincent Soriano
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Cd4 Cell Counts ◽  
Human T Cell ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cd4 Cell

ABSTRACT A total of 175 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive intravenous drug users (IDU) with CD4 cell counts of <200 cells/μl were matched with 175 HIV-positive IDU with CD4 cell counts of >500 cells/μl. Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) reactivity and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) Western blot (WB) positivity were more frequently observed in subjects with CD4 cell counts of >500 cells/μl. Most of the subjects with low CD4 cell counts and EIA reactivity carried HTLV-2 infection (WB positive and/or PCR positive). No subjects with low CD4 cell counts and a lack of reactive EIA were PCR positive for HTLV-2. Therefore, a negative EIA result can confidently discharge HTLV-2 infection in HIV-infected patients with severe immunosuppression, whereas PCR should be performed for subjects with a reactive HTLV EIA which is not further confirmed by WB.

scholarly journals Levels of Soluble CD40 Ligand (CD154) in Serum Are Increased in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients and Correlate with CD4+ T-Cell Counts

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 558-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos V. Sipsas ◽  
Petros P. Sfikakis ◽  
Athanasios Kontos ◽  
Theodore Kordossis
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Cd40 Ligand ◽  
Cd4 T Cell ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT CD40 ligand (CD40L or CD154) is a costimulatory molecule expressed mainly on activated CD4+ T cells. Concentrations of the soluble form of CD40L (sCD40L) in serum were determined for a cohort of 77 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients before and after initiation of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) by a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Circulating sCD40L levels were higher by twofold in untreated patients than in healthy controls (means ± standard deviations [SD]: 1.41 ± 1.48 versus 0.69 ± 0.59 ng/ml; P < 0.001). HIV-1-infected patients classified as CD4 T-cell category 1 had significantly higher sCD40L levels than patients classified as CD4 categories 2 and 3 (mean ± SD: 2.08 ± 1.46 ng/ml versus 1.57 ± 1.58 [category 2] and 0.94 ± 1.25 ng/ml [category 3]; P = 0.046), while no correlation with clinical categories A, B, and C was found. Individual serum sCD40L levels correlated with CD4+ T-cell counts (P = 0.039) but not with viral load, gamma globulin levels, or acute-inflammatory-response markers. After 8 to 12 months of HAART, a further threefold increase of serum sCD40L levels, which paralleled the increase of CD4+ T-cell counts, was observed. These novel findings suggest that sCD40L measurement in HIV-1-infected patients could serve as a new surrogate marker useful in the assessment of treatment efficacy, especially in settings where well-equipped laboratories and funding required for CD4+ T-cell count and viral load measurements are not available.

scholarly journals Change in Coreceptor Use Correlates with Disease Progression in HIV-1–Infected Individuals

1997 ◽  
Vol 185 (4) ◽  
pp. 621-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth I. Connor ◽  
Kristine E. Sheridan ◽  
Daniel Ceradini ◽  
Sunny Choe ◽  
Nathaniel R. Landau
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Cd4 T Cell ◽  
Cd4 Cells ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

Recent studies have identified several coreceptors that are required for fusion and entry of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) into CD4+ cells. One of these receptors, CCR5, serves as a coreceptor for nonsyncytium inducing (NSI), macrophage-tropic strains of HIV-1, while another, fusin or CXCR-4, functions as a coreceptor for T cell line–adapted, syncytiuminducing (SI) strains. Using sequential primary isolates of HIV-1, we examined whether viruses using these coreceptors emerge in vivo and whether changes in coreceptor use are associated with disease progression. We found that isolates of HIV-1 from early in the course of infection predominantly used CCR5 for infection. However, in patients with disease progression, the virus expanded its coreceptor use to include CCR5, CCR3, CCR2b, and CXCR-4. Use of CXCR-4 as a coreceptor was only seen with primary viruses having an SI phenotype and was restricted by the env gene of the virus. The emergence of variants using this coreceptor was associated with a switch from NSI to SI phenotype, loss of sensitivity to chemokines, and decreasing CD4+ T cell counts. These results suggest that HIV-1 evolves during the course of infection to use an expanded range of coreceptors for infection, and that this adaptation is associated with progression to AIDS.

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