Potential Role of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Computerized Databases in Controlling Bacterial Resistance

2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (S1) ◽  
pp. S18-S21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith M. Hyatt ◽  
Jerome J. Schentag
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Bacterial Isolation ◽  
Ciprofloxacin Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Cycling ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Emergence Of Resistance

AbstractBacterial resistance to antibiotics continues to be a problem, in spite of increased knowledge of resistance mechanisms. Due to the multifactorial nature of bacterial resistance, studies that evaluate the association between antimicrobial exposure and emergence of resistance may fail to find a relationship unless other factors, in particular the association between patient-pathogen pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) and the emergence of bacterial resistance, are evaluated as well. It has been hypothesized that, in conjunction with good infection control practices, cycling of antimicrobial agents may prove to be effective in reducing resistance emergence.There is some indication that there may be a relationship between the level of antibiotic exposure and the probability of emergence of bacterial resistance. As shown in our companion article in this supplement, factors associated with ciprofloxacin resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa included increased length of stay prior to isolation, exposure to ciprofloxacin, and respiratory tract site of bacterial isolation. However, in patients who received ciprofloxacin therapy, when exposure was at an area under the 24-hour inhibitory concentration curve (AUIC24)>110 (μg·h/mL)/μg/mL, resistance was decreased to 11%, a rate similar to that seen in respiratory isolates not exposed to ciprofloxacin (7%).While the length of time the patient spends in the hospital and the site of infection cannot be controlled, by using PK and PD principles for dosing of ciprofloxacin, the emergence of ciprofloxacin resistance in P aeruginosa may be reduced. Prospective antibiotic-cycling studies may help to determine not only the impact of antibiotic cycling on the institution's antibiogram but also, through the use of PK and PD principles, may help to determine appropriate dosing schedules for antibiotics in order to reduce the probability of emergence of bacterial resistance.

Antibiotic Cycling and Marketing Into the 21st Century: A Perspective From the Pharmaceutical Industry

2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (S1) ◽  
pp. S32-S35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce S. Lavin
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Environmental Pressures ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Cycling

AbstractBefore the development of the first antimicrobial agents, bacteria already had demonstrated an ability to adapt to stress in the environment, resulting in the development of resistance that often makes the prevailing antibiotic treatment ineffective. The response to antimicrobial resistance in the medical community has been to use new or alternative antibiotics not previously used against the resistant bacteria. The pharmaceutical industry has responded to the resistance problem by producing newer antibiotics, either as modifications of currently existing compounds or as combinations of compounds that may inhibit or bypass the bacterial resistance mechanisms. The development of new antibiotics is a lengthy and costly process. To be successful, the pharmaceutical industry must anticipate the changing needs of the medical community, as well as the dynamic process of antimicrobial resistance. The marketing of new antimicrobial agents must be adaptable to the potential environmental pressures that induce bacterial resistance in order to ensure the longevity of the agents.

Speciation and changes in male gene expression in Drosophila

Genome ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Bahar Patlar ◽  
Alberto Civetta
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Drosophila Model ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Plastic Responses ◽  
Male Gene

It has long been acknowledged that changes in the regulation of gene expression may account for major organismal differences. However, we still do not fully understand how changes in gene expression evolve and how do such changes influence organisms’ differences. We are even less aware of the impact such changes might have in restricting gene flow between species. Here, we focus on studies of gene expression and speciation in the Drosophila model. We review studies that have identified gene interactions in post-mating reproductive isolation and speciation, particularly those that modulate male gene expression. We also address studies that have experimentally manipulated changes in gene expression to test their effect in post-mating reproductive isolation. We highlight the need for a more in-depth analysis of the role of selection causing disrupted gene expression of such candidate genes in sterile/inviable hybrids. Moreover, we discuss the relevance to incorporate more routinely assays that simultaneously evaluate the potential effects of environmental factors and genetic background in modulating plastic responses in male genes and their potential role in speciation.

Inhibitory Effect of MicroRNA-376b-Overexpressing Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs) on Malignant Characteristics of Glioma Cells Through Targeting Forkhead Box Protein P2 (FOXP2)

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 971-977
Author(s):  
Ruoyu Zhu ◽  
Zhonglin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Glioma Cell ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Glioma Cells ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Transwell Assay ◽  
Cell Behaviors ◽  
Forkhead Box ◽  
Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
The Impact

This study investigated the impact of microRNA (miR)-376b derived from BMSCs on glioma progression. BMSCs were transfected with miR-376b mimic, miR-376b inhibitor or NC and then cocultured with glioma cells followed by measuring cell behaviors by MTT assay, Transwell assay and flow cytometry, FOXP2 and miR-376b expression by Western blot and RT-qPCR. After confirming the inhibitory and mimicking activity of transfection, we found that overexpression of miR-376b in BMSCs decreased glioma cell invasion, migration and proliferation but promoted cell apoptosis within 24 h and 48 h after transfection along with reduced number of cells in S-phase. Mechanically, miR-376b targeted miR-376b and up-regulation of miR-376b caused down-regulation of FOXP2 (p < 0.05). Overexpression of miR-376b in BMSCs decelerated glioma cell cycle and inhibitedmalignant behaviors of glioma cells by targeting FOXP2 expression. These evidence unveils the potential role of FOXP2 as a biomarker for the treatment of gliomas.

The potential role of relatives in designing person-centred assistive technologies (innovative practice)

Dementia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 3161-3164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudi Coetzer
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Design ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Assistive Technologies ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
Innovative Practice ◽  
The Impact

The paper explores the important role of relatives in designing assistive technologies in collaboration with practitioners. A brief case study reports the collaborative design of a 24-hour clock to reduce the impact of visual–spatial impairment on a family member's ability to read time and prevent temporal disorientation.

scholarly journals Potential role of oxidative DNA damage in the impact of PNPLA3 variant (rs 738409 C>G) in hepatocellular carcinoma risk

Hepatology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 1110-1111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emeric Limagne ◽  
Vanessa Cottet ◽  
Alexia Karen Cotte ◽  
Samia Hamza ◽  
Patrick Hillon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Dna Damage ◽  
Oxidative Dna Damage ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Carcinoma Risk

scholarly journals Silver Nanoparticles as Potential Antiviral Agents

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2034
Author(s):  
Zubair Ahmed Ratan ◽  
Fazla Rabbi Mashrur ◽  
Anisha Parsub Chhoan ◽  
Sadi Md. Shahriar ◽  
Mohammad Faisal Haidere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
New Horizons ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
The Impact

Since the early 1990s, nanotechnology has led to new horizons in nanomedicine, which encompasses all spheres of science including chemistry, material science, biology, and biotechnology. Emerging viral infections are creating severe hazards to public health worldwide, recently, COVID-19 has caused mass human casualties with significant economic impacts. Interestingly, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exhibited the potential to destroy viruses, bacteria, and fungi using various methods. However, developing safe and effective antiviral drugs is challenging, as viruses use host cells for replication. Designing drugs that do not harm host cells while targeting viruses is complicated. In recent years, the impact of AgNPs on viruses has been evaluated. Here, we discuss the potential role of silver nanoparticles as antiviral agents. In this review, we focus on the properties of AgNPs such as their characterization methods, antiviral activity, mechanisms, applications, and toxicity.

Marketing to the “middle of the pyramid” in emerging markets using a social network perspective

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 400-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tendai Chikweche ◽  
Richard Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Business Executives ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to expand knowledge about how middle class consumers in Sub-Saharan African markets behave, focusing on the potential role of social networks and the subsequent interactions that take place between these consumers and firms. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative research method approach comprising personal interviews and observations targeted at consumers and business executives was used covering all four countries. Findings – Key findings include identification of middle of the pyramid (MOP) social networks, their impact on consumer behaviour and nature of consumer and firm interactions that take place as a result of the impact of social networks. Research limitations/implications – The sample size was restricted to 80 consumers in each of the four countries. This might limit generalisability. Practical implications – The study provides managers with insights on the potential role of social networks on marketing to the MOP in Africa. Social implications – The study provides managers with insights on the potential opportunities for corporate social responsibility solutions at the MOP. Originality/value – Research into the middle class in markets other than western advanced economies is a relatively new area of study. The majority of studies on the middle class have focused on North America and Europe ignoring the merging middle class in Africa. Hence, this research expands knowledge by providing basis for exploring new insights on the emerging marketing opportunity within the middle class in Africa.

Antibiotic adjuvants: a promising approach to combat multidrug resistant bacteria

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Namita Sharma ◽  
Anil K. Chhillar ◽  
Sweety Dahiya ◽  
Pooja Choudhary ◽  
Aruna Punia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Targets ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibacterial Drugs ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Emergence Of Resistance

The escalating emergence and prevalence of infections caused by multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria accentuate the crucial need to develop novel and effectual therapeutic strategies to control this threat. Recent past surprisingly indicates a staggering decline in effective strategies against MDR. Different approaches have been employed to minimize the effect of resistance but the question still lingers over the astounding number of drugs already tried and tested to no avail, furthermore, the detection of new drug targets and the action of new antibacterial agents against already existing drug targets also complicate the condition. Antibiotic adjuvants are considered as one such promising approach for overcoming the bacterial resistance. Adjuvants can potentiate the action of generally adopted antibacterial drugs against MDR bacterial pathogens either by minimizing the impact and emergence of resistance or improving the action of antibacterial drugs. This review provides an overview of mechanism of antibiotic resistance, main types of adjuvants and their mode of action, achievements and progression.

scholarly journals Experimental Induction of Bacterial Resistance to the Antimicrobial Peptide Tachyplesin I and Investigation of the Resistance Mechanisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 6067-6075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Hong ◽  
Jianye Hu ◽  
Fei Ke
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptide ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Antibacterial Drug ◽  
Cationic Antimicrobial Peptide ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Tachyplesin I

ABSTRACTTachyplesin I is a 17-amino-acid cationic antimicrobial peptide (AMP) with a typical cyclic antiparallel β-sheet structure that is a promising therapeutic for infections, tumors, and viruses. To date, no bacterial resistance to tachyplesin I has been reported. To explore the safety of tachyplesin I as an antibacterial drug for wide clinical application, we experimentally induced bacterial resistance to tachyplesin I by using two selection procedures and studied the preliminary resistance mechanisms.Aeromonas hydrophilaXS91-4-1,Pseudomonas aeruginosaCGMCC1.2620, andEscherichia coliATCC 25922 and F41 showed resistance to tachyplesin I under long-term selection pressure with continuously increasing concentrations of tachyplesin I. In addition,P. aeruginosaandE. coliexhibited resistance to tachyplesin I under UV mutagenesis selection conditions. Cell growth and colony morphology were slightly different between control strains and strains with induced resistance. Cross-resistance to tachyplesin I and antimicrobial agents (cefoperazone and amikacin) or other AMPs (pexiganan, tachyplesin III, and polyphemusin I) was observed in some resistant mutants. Previous studies showed that extracellular protease-mediated degradation of AMPs induced bacterial resistance to AMPs. Our results indicated that the resistance mechanism ofP. aeruginosawas not entirely dependent on extracellular proteolytic degradation of tachyplesin I; however, tachyplesin I could induce increased proteolytic activity inP. aeruginosa. Most importantly, our findings raise serious concerns about the long-term risks associated with the development and clinical use of tachyplesin I.

scholarly journals Influence of microbiota on immunity and immunotherapy for gastric and esophageal cancers

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-214
Author(s):  
Xiaoli Zhang ◽  
Zui Pan
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Systemic Immunity ◽  
Esophageal Cancers ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Gastric and esophageal cancers are multifactorial and multistage-involved malignancy. While the impact of gut microbiota on overall human health and diseases has been well documented, the influence of gastric and esophageal microbiota on gastric and esophageal cancers remains unclear. This review will discuss the reported alteration in the composition of gastric and esophageal microbiota in normal and disease conditions, and the potential role of dysbiosis in carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis. This review will also discuss how dysbiosis stimulates local and systemic immunity, which may impact on the immunotherapy for cancer.

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