Changes in the Condition Factor Have an Impact on Metabolic Rate and Swimming Performance Relationships in Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua L.)

2006 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Lapointe ◽  
Helga Guderley ◽  
Jean‐Denis Dutil
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Swimming Performance

scholarly journals The effects of salinity change on the exercise performance of two Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) populations inhabiting different environments

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (6) ◽  
pp. 1295-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Nelson ◽  
Y Tang ◽  
R Boutilier
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Environmental Salinity ◽  
Full Strength

The objective of this study was to determine whether differences in exercise physiology between Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) populations from different salinity environments could be changed by acclimating individuals of each population to the natural salinity of the comparison population. The exercise-associated blood chemistry of cod from the brackish Bras d'Or lakes, which had previously been shown to be quite different from that of 'open-ocean' cod, changed to resemble the blood chemistry of their oceanic relatives after only 2 months of acclimation to full-strength salinity. In contrast, the blood chemistry of cod from the Scotian Shelf of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean showed little change after 2 months of acclimation to brackish water. These results demonstrate that the degree of osmoconformity to changes in environmental salinity is a population-specific not a species-specific trait. The blood chemistry differences between populations and salinities did not translate into differences in exercise performance: i.e. critical swimming speeds were statistically uniform across all combinations of population and salinity, although performance was more varied in fish swimming in 'non-native' waters. Other 'whole-animal' physiological characteristics, such as metabolic rate and the aerobic cost of transport, were dependent upon both population origin and the environmental salinity. Vigorous swimming was more energetically expensive at full-strength salinity than at 20 salinity, yet estimates of standard (i.e. resting) metabolic rate were lower for full-strength salinity. Environmental salinity also influenced the relative appearance of lactate and metabolic acid in the extracellular fluid compartment, with full-strength salinity favouring the relative appearance of lactate in the blood. Multivariate statistical analyses of this data set showed that, in contrast to other fish species and studies, differences in blood oxygen transport appear to account for some of the swimming performance differences seen in Atlantic cod at 2 °C. The two experimental populations were cleanly separated by a principal components analysis, regardless of the salinity to which they were acclimated, confirming our earlier contention that these cod populations are physiologically distinct. A key feature of that distinctness is the greater phenotypic plasticity exhibited by the population from the more euryhaline, more eurythermal environment.

scholarly journals Thermal biology and swimming performance of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus)

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommy Norin ◽  
Paula Canada ◽  
Jason A. Bailey ◽  
A. Kurt Gamperl
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Melanogrammus Aeglefinus ◽  
Thermal Biology ◽  
Oxygen Transport Capacity ◽  
Thermal Maximum ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Better Than

Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) are two commercially important marine fishes impacted by both overfishing and climate change. Increasing ocean temperatures are affecting the physiology of these species and causing changes in distribution, growth, and maturity. While the physiology of cod has been well investigated, that of haddock has received very little attention. Here, we measured the metabolic response to increasing temperatures, as well as the critical thermal maximum (CTmax), of cod acclimated to 8 and 12 °C and haddock acclimated to 12 °C. We also compared the swimming performance (critical swimming speed, Ucrit) of cod and haddock at 12 °C, as well as the Ucrit of 12 °C-acclimated cod acutely exposed to a higher-than-optimal temperature (16 °C). The CTmax for cod was 21.4 and 23.0 °C for 8- and 12 °C-acclimated fish, respectively, whereas that for the 12 °C-acclimated haddock was 23.9 °C. These values were all significantly different and show that haddock are more tolerant of high temperatures. The aerobic maximum metabolic rate (MMR) of swimming cod remained high at 16 °C, suggesting that maximum oxygen transport capacity was not limited at a temperature above optimal in this species. However, signs of impaired swimming (struggling) were becoming evident at 16 °C. Haddock were found to reach a higher Ucrit than cod at 12 °C (3.02 vs. 2.62 body lengths s−1, respectively), and at a lower MMR. Taken together, these results suggest that haddock perform better than cod in warmer conditions, and that haddock are the superior swimmer amongst the two species.

Aerobic and anaerobic swimming performance of individual Atlantic cod

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.P. Reidy ◽  
S.R. Kerr ◽  
J.A. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Individual Variation ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Endurance Test ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Individual Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were exercised using three different measures of swimming performance. (1) An endurance test (critical swimming speed, U(crit), protocol) designed to assess predominantly aerobic endurance swimming (duration hours). (2) An acceleration test (U(burst)), in which the fish were required to swim against a rapidly increasing current until exhausted (duration minutes). This test was designed to assess predominantly glycolytic-based swimming capacity. (3) A sprint test that examined the animals' ability to swim away from a sudden stimulus (duration seconds). Rates of oxygen consumption (mdot (O2)) during the endurance test and various morphological variables of the individual fish were also measured. Both aerobic and anaerobic swimming performance of individual cod were found to be significantly repeatable over a 3 month period. mdot (O2) during the U(crit) protocol was also significantly repeatable at intermediate to high swimming speeds, but not at low speeds. Our results support extrapolation from metabolic rates at incremented swimming speeds to zero activity as the best way to measure standard metabolic rate in cod. While performance in the U(crit) test and the sprint test were positively correlated, there was a negative correlation between performance in the U(crit) test and performance in the U(burst) test. This implies a potential trade-off in individual cod between stamina and the ability to use glycolytic-based locomotion. Inter-individual variation in swimming performance during these protocols, while substantial, was not correlated with individual variation in fin surface areas, age or morphology. However, U(burst) performance was dependent upon the sex of the animals, while performance during the U(crit) protocol was significantly correlated with their aerobic scope for activity.

scholarly journals Quality of Nephrops as food for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) with possible implications for fisheries management

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 983-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Björnsson ◽  
Maria Álvaro Dongala Dombaxe
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Gonadosomatic Index ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Nephrops was found to be of low quality as food for cod. In a laboratory experiment the mean specific growth rate of 1 kg cod was 0.184 and 0.415% d−1 when fed to satiation on Nephrops and capelin, respectively. This large difference in growth rate resulted not only from less intake of Nephrops (1.19 kg cod−1) than capelin (1.55 kg cod−1) but also because more Nephrops (4.6 kg) than capelin (2.2 kg) were required to produce each kilogramme of cod. Higher food conversion ratio was consistent with lower fat content of Nephrops (1.3%) than capelin (9.2%) but the exoskeleton also reduced the digestion rate of Nephrops. In the groups where Nephrops and capelin of equal mean weight were offered simultaneously, 40% of the diet consisted of Nephrops during the first week and 10% during the final seven weeks of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, condition factor, liver index, and gonadosomatic index were significantly lower for cod fed on Nephrops (0.967, 5.7, 7.1, respectively) than for those fed on capelin (1.086, 15.8, 11.2, respectively). These results suggests that predation by cod on Nephrops might be reduced by regular release of capelin or other similar food in the distributional areas of Nephrops.

scholarly journals Climate change in fish: effects of respiratory constraints on optimal life history and behaviour

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 20141032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca E. Holt ◽  
Christian Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Aerobic Scope ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Common Trade

The difference between maximum metabolic rate and standard metabolic rate is referred to as aerobic scope, and because it constrains performance it is suggested to constitute a key limiting process prescribing how fish may cope with or adapt to climate warming. We use an evolutionary bioenergetics model for Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) to predict optimal life histories and behaviours at different temperatures. The model assumes common trade-offs and predicts that optimal temperatures for growth and fitness lie below that for aerobic scope; aerobic scope is thus a poor predictor of fitness at high temperatures. Initially, warming expands aerobic scope, allowing for faster growth and increased reproduction. Beyond the optimal temperature for fitness, increased metabolic requirements intensify foraging and reduce survival; oxygen budgeting conflicts thus constrain successful completion of the life cycle. The model illustrates how physiological adaptations are part of a suite of traits that have coevolved.

scholarly journals Circulating Catecholamines and Swimming Performance in the Atlantic Cod, Gadus Morhua

1989 ◽  
Vol 141 (1) ◽  
pp. 377-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. BUTLER ◽  
M. AXELSSON ◽  
F. EHRENSTROM ◽  
J. D. METCALFE ◽  
S. NILSSON
Keyword(s):  
Critical Velocity ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Operative Procedure ◽  
Plasma Catecholamine ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
Catecholamine Levels

Sectioning the first four pairs of spinal nerves prevents the large increase in circulating catecholamine concentrations seen in Atlantic cod swimming at their critical velocity (Ucrit). There is also a significant reduction in the swimming performance of the fish. To test whether this reduced performance results from the lack of increase in plasma catecholamine levels or from the fact that other organs are also denervated by the operative procedure, a mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline was infused into swimming, denervated fish. This caused a significant increase in their Ucrit. It is concluded, therefore, that the rise in plasma catecholamine levels seen in Atlantic cod swimming at their maximum sustainable velocity enhances the swimming performance of these fish.

Cardiac output as a predictor of metabolic rate in cod gadus morhua

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (19) ◽  
pp. 2779-2789 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Webber ◽  
RG Boutilier ◽  
SR Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fisheries Biology

Adult Atlantic cod (2 kg Gadus morhua) were fitted with Doppler ultrasonic flow-probes to measure ventral aortic outflow (i.e. cardiac output). The probes remained patent for upwards of 3 months, during which time detailed relationships between cardiac output (), heart rate (fh) and rate of oxygen consumption (O2) were determined as a function of swimming speed and temperature (5 degreesC and 10 degreesC). The rate of oxygen consumption increased linearly with and exponentially with swimming speed. A very good correlation was observed between O2 and (r2=0.86) compared with the correlation between O2 and fh (r2=0.50 for all 10 degreesC data and r2=0.86 for all 5 degreesC data). However, the O2 versus fh correlation gradually improved over approximately 1 week after surgery (r2=0.86). The relationship between O2 and was independent of temperature, while the relationship between O2 and fh changed with temperature. Hence, calculating O2 from is simpler and does not require that temperature be recorded simultaneously. Variations in cardiac output were determined more by changes in stroke volume (Vs) than by fh; therefore, fh was a less reliable predictor of metabolic rate than was . Given that can be used to estimate O2 so faithfully, the advent of a cardiac output telemeter would enable robust estimates to be made of the activity metabolism of free-ranging fish in nature, thereby strengthening one of the weakest links in the bioenergetic models of fisheries biology.

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