Labor Mobility and Economic Growth: The Central American Experience. Costa Rica and El Salvador

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-337
Author(s):  
Jerome B. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Labor Mobility ◽  
Central American ◽  
American Experience

The Franciscan Provinces of Spanish North America

1945 ◽  
Vol 1 (03) ◽  
pp. 330-344
Author(s):  
Marion A. Habig
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
North America ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Central American

The same year (1565) in which the territory north of the Holy Gospel Province was made a separate Province, the Central American countries were separated from the Yucatan Province and organized into a new Province, that of the Most Holy Name. Ten years later, the latter was further divided, and the province of St. George was erected including Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Honduras, which was made a Custody of St. George Province in 1587, was subsequently reunited with the Guatemala Province.

scholarly journals Las etnias centroamericanas durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX

2004 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 67-87
Author(s):  
Francisco Lizcano Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Short Description ◽  
Central American ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Siglo Xx

Short description: This article is dedicated to the demographic levels and distribution of Central American ethnic groups: indigenous, mestizos, mulattos, creoles, garifunas and Asians. The study includes 7 countries: Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama. Emphasis is placed on the Caribbean region of these countries, where ethnic diversity is the greatest. Short description translated and adapted from the text by Michał Gilewski

scholarly journals Sobrepeso, obesidad, niveles de actividad física y autoestima de la niñez centroamericana: un análisis comparativo entre países (Overweight, obesity, physical activity levels, and self-esteem in Central American children: comparative analysis between cou

Retos ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 238-246
Author(s):  
Carlos Eduardo Alvarez ◽  
María Fernanda Herrera Monge ◽  
Emmanuel Herrera González ◽  
Grettel Villalobos Víquez ◽  
Gerardo Araya Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Central American ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Physical Activity Levels ◽  
American Children

El propósito de esta investigación fue examinar la prevalencia de sobrepeso, obesidad, niveles de actividad física y de autoestima de la población infantil centroamericana, comparándoles según sexo y país. Este estudio comparativo transversal de muestra probabilística aleatoria por conglomerados evaluó 5291 estudiantes matriculados en cuarto, quinto y sexto grado, de los cuales 52.3% fueron niñas y 47.7% niños, pertenecientes a 73 centros educativos de Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Nicaragua y Panamá, con una edad promedio de 10.90 ± 1.13. En todos los países se realizó la medición del peso y la talla para el cálculo del índice de masa corporal, se aplicó el cuestionario de actividad física para niños y niñas mayores (PAQ-C) y el cuestionario LAWSEQ para la medición del nivel de autoestima. Los resultados de esta investigación mostraron una prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad del 25%, un nivel de actividad física bajo en un 35.1% y una baja autoestima en el 44.3%. Asimismo, al determinar el efecto del país de procedencia y del género sobre el índice de masa corporal, nivel de actividad física y autoestima, controlando la edad como una covariable, se encontró que El Salvador presentó el mayor promedio de índice de masa corporal y el menor nivel de actividad física junto a Honduras y Panamá. En relación a la autoestima, solamente Costa Rica y Guatemala presentaron una autoestima promedio. Esto demuestra que la situación de salud pública que enfrenta la niñez centroamericana es un problema que debe ser atendido en forma integral. Abstract. The purpose of this investigation was to explore the prevalence of overweight, obesity, physical activity levels, and self-esteem in Central American children, comparing them by gender and country. This comparative cross-sectional study used a random probabilistic conglomerate-based sampling technique, by which 5.291 students (52.3% girls and 47.7% boys) enrolled in fourth, fifth, and sixth grade from 73 schools in Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Panama, with an average age of 10.90 ± 1.13 years old, were selected. In all the participating countries, weight and height were taken to calculate body mass index; additionally, the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children (PAQ-C) and the Lawrence's Self-Esteem Questionnaire (LAWSEQ) were applied. The results suggest a prevalence of overweight and obesity (25%), low physical activity levels (35.1%), and low self-esteem (44.3%). Also, when analyzing variables interaction by country and gender, it was found that El Salvador presented the highest average body mass index and the lowest levels of physical activity, along with Honduras and Panama. Regarding self-esteem, only Costa Rica and Guatemala presented average rank. This shows that the conditions of public health with regard to Central American youth are concerning and must be dealt with in an integral manner.

scholarly journals The Brachiacantha Dejean, 1837 (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) of Central America

ZooKeys ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1024 ◽  
pp. 157-196
Author(s):  
Jorge Ismael Nestor-Arriola ◽  
Víctor Hugo Toledo-Hernández ◽  
Ángel Solís ◽  
Guillermo González ◽  
Jaroslav Větrovec
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Central America ◽  
Male Genitalia ◽  
New Records ◽  
Central American ◽  
Type Material ◽  
First Time ◽  
Central American Species

A revision of the Central American species of the genus Brachiacantha was undertaken to update the knowledge of the Central American species of the genus. Material of several collections was reviewed, using original descriptions and keys, and comparing with the type material. Twenty-five species of the genus Brachiacantha were found in Central American material, including nine new species: B. nubes Nestor-Arriola, Toledo-Hernández and Solís, sp. nov., B. dentata Nestor-Arriola, Toledo-Hernández and Solís, sp. nov., B. isthmena Nestor-Arriola, Toledo-Hernández and Solís, sp. nov., B. aurantiapleura Nestor-Arriola, Solís and Toledo-Hernández, sp. nov., B. invertita Nestor-Arriola, Toledo-Hernández and Solís, sp. nov., B. papiliona Nestor-Arriola, Toledo-Hernández and Solís, sp. nov., B. tica Nestor-Arriola, Toledo-Hernández and Solís, sp. nov., B. hexaspina González, Větrovec and Nestor-Arriola, sp. nov., and B. mimica Nestor-Arriola and Toledo-Hernández, sp. nov. Nomenclatural changes include Brachiacantha gorhami (Weise), comb. nov., B. guatemalensis (Gorham), comb. nov., and Brachiacantha duodecimguttata Leng, syn. nov. for B. lepida Mulsant. The male genitalia of the species B. fenestrata Gorhan, B. octostigma Mulsant, B. aperta Weise, and B. cachensis Gorhan are described and illustrated for the first time. New records include B. indubitabilis Crotch and B. bipartita Mulsant (Costa Rica and Guatemala), B. gorhami (Weise) (El Salvador), and B. cachensis Gorham (Panamá). A key to the species is included.

New species of Diabrotica Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) and a key to Diabrotica and related genera: results of a synopsis of North and Central American Diabrotica species

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Derunkov ◽  
Laura R. Prado ◽  
Alexey K. Tishechkin ◽  
Alexander S. Konstantinov
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Central American ◽  
Central American Species

The following 18 new species of Diabrotica are described and illustrated as a result of the synopsis of North and Central American species: D. barclayi sp. nov., Guatemala; D. caveyi sp. nov., Costa Rica; D. costaricensis sp. nov., Costa Rica; D. dmitryogloblini sp. nov., Mexico; D. duckworthorum sp. nov., Honduras; D. hartjei sp. nov., Panama; D. josephbalyi sp. nov., Costa Rica; D. lawrencei sp. nov., Mexico; D. mantillerii sp. nov., Panama; D. martinjacobyi sp. nov., Honduras; D. mitteri sp. nov., Panama; D. perkinsi sp. nov., Guatemala; D. redfordae sp. nov., Costa Rica; D. reysmithi sp. nov., Costa Rica; D. salvadorensis sp. nov., El Salvador; D. sel sp. nov., Panama; D. spangleri sp. nov., Costa Rica; D. waltersi sp. nov., Panama. In addition, a key to separate Diabrotica from related genera is presented.

Central American Program of Economic Integration

1964 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 632-634 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Common Market ◽  
Central American ◽  
The Government

At Managua, Nicaragua, on December 13, 1960, the governments of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua signed the General Treaty, the basic treaty of the Central American Program of Economic Integration (CAPEI), often referred to as the Central American Common Market (CACM). Also signed at the same time were the Agreement establishing the Central American Bank for Economic Integration and the Protocol to the Central American Agreement on the Equalization of Import Duties and Charges. Sixteen months later the government of Costa Rica acceded to the three agreements.

Organization of Central American States

1966 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 863-866
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Central American ◽  
Panama City ◽  
San Salvador ◽  
American States ◽  
To Come ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Foreign Ministers ◽  
Future Date

At a meeting of foreign ministers of five Central American countries—Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua—held on November 15–17, 1962, and attended also by an observer from Panama, it was provisionally agreed to set up a new Organization of Central American States (ODECA) to supersede the organization of the same name set up in October 1951. The Charter of the new organization, known as the San Salvador Charter, was formally signed at a further meeting of foreign ministers held in Panama City from December 12 to 14, 1962. Panama did not sign the Charter, but provision was made for that state to become a member if it wished to join at a future date. The new Charter was to come into effect when ratified by the five states which had signed it. Following ratification by Costa Rica on March 30, 1965, the Charter entered into force.

Radical, Reformist and Aborted Liberalism: Origins of National Regimes in Central America

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES MAHONEY
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Central America ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Central American ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Reform Period ◽  
Liberal Reform ◽  
Progressive Democracy

During the twentieth century, the countries of Central America were characterised by remarkably different political regimes: military-authoritarianism in Guatemala and El Salvador, progressive democracy in Costa Rica and traditional-authoritarianism in Honduras and Nicaragua. This article explains these contrasting regime outcomes by exploring the agrarian and state-building reforms pursued by political leaders during the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century liberal reform period. Based on differences in the transformation of state and class structures, three types of liberalism are identified: radical liberalism in Guatemala and El Salvador, reformist liberalism in Costa Rica and aborted liberalism in Honduras and Nicaragua. It is argued that these types of liberalism set the Central American countries on contrasting paths of political development, culminating in diverse regime outcomes.

scholarly journals Igneous Rock Associations 13. Focusing on the Central American Subduction Zone

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Walker ◽  
Esteban Gazel
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Subduction Zone ◽  
Subduction Zones ◽  
Central American ◽  
Volcanic Front ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Galapagos Plume ◽  
Subduction Input ◽  
Central American Subduction Zone

Central America has recently been an important focus area for investigations into the complex processes occurring in subduction zones.  Here we review some of the new findings concerning subduction input, magma production and evolution, and resultant volcanic output.  In the Nicaraguan portion of the subduction zone, subduction input is unusually wet, likely caused by extensive serpentinization of the mantle portion of the incoming plate associated with bending-related faulting seaward of the Middle America trench. The atypical influx of water into the Nicaraguan section of the subduction zone ultimately leads to a regional maximum in the degree of mantle melting.  In central Costa Rica, subduction input is also unusual in that it includes oceanic crust flavored by the Galapagos plume.  Both of these exotic subduction inputs are recognizable in the compositions of magmas erupted along the volcanic front.  In addition, Nicaraguan magmas bear a strong chemical imprint from subducting hemipelagic sediments.  The high-field-strength-element depletions of magmas from El Salvador through Costa Rica are related to local variations in the depth to the subducting Cocos plate, and, therefore, to segmentation of the volcanic front.  Minor phases, probably amphibole or rutile, control these variable depletions. Silicic magmas erupted along the volcanic front exhibit the same along-arc geochemical variations as their mafic brethren.  This and their mantle-like radiogenic isotopic compositions suggest the production of juvenile continental crust all along the Central American subduction zone.  Punctuated times of enhanced magmatic input from the mantle may aid in crustal development.SOMMAIREL’Amérique centrale a récemment été le lieu de recherches sur les processus complexes se produisant dans les zones de subduction.  Ici nous passons en revue certaines découvertes sur nature des intrants de subduction, la production et l’évolution des magmas, ainsi que les extrants volcaniques résultants.  Dans le segment nicaraguayen de la zone de subduction, les intrants de subduction sont exceptionnellement humides, probablement à cause de la serpentinisation généralisée de la portion mantélique de la plaque en subduction, fissurée par flexure dans partie marine de la fosse océanique de l’Amérique centrale.  L'afflux atypique en eau dans le segment nicaraguayen de la zone de subduction induit ultimement un maximum régional de la proportion de fusion du manteau.  Dans la portion centrale du Costa Rica l’intrant de subduction est lui aussi atypique en ce qu’il comprend une croûte océanique teintée par le panache des Galápagos.  Ces deux intrants de subduction atypiques sont répercutés dans la composition des magmas éjectés le long du front volcanique.  En outre, les magmas nicaraguayens affichent une forte empreinte chimique héritée des sédiments hémipélagiques en subduction.  Les appauvrissements en éléments à fortes liaisons atomiques des magmas, du El Salvador jusqu’au Costa Rica, sont liés à des variations localisées de la profondeur de la plaque en subduction de Cocos, et donc, à la segmentation du front volcanique.  Des phases mineures, probablement amphibole et rutile, déterminent ces appauvrissements variables.  Les magmas siliceux éjectés le long du même front volcanique montrent les mêmes variations géochimiques le long de l’arc que leur contrepartie mafique.  De plus, les compositions radiogéniques de leurs contreparties mantéliques évoquent la production d’une croûte continentale juvénile le long de la zone de subduction de l’Amérique centrale.  Des épisodes d’accroissements ponctuels des intrants magmatiques du manteau peuvent contribuer au développement d’une croûte.

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