Rural Revitalization and the Village Institutes in Turkey: Sponsors and Critics

1974 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank A. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Rural Revitalization ◽  
The Village ◽  
Village Institutes

scholarly journals Rural Revitalization and the Village Institutes Experience in Turkey (1940-1954)

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
İsmet Türkmen
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Interpretation ◽  
Normal Schools ◽  
Theoretical Literature ◽  
Rural Revitalization ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The Village ◽  
Village Institutes

This research evaluate on the Village Institutes experience in Turkey from the early 1940s to the 1950s. There is now a new interest in the organization and functioning of the “Village Institutes” which were in operation in Turkey. This study purpose is to describe how the Village Institutes were created, how they were organized and functioned, and what were the results of this experiment partly built on the precedent of the urban normal schools. Finally, a new theoretical interpretation is offered within a critique of existing, widely-held explanations that have dominated the theoretical literature on the issue for so long.

Village Institutes of Turkey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filiz Meşeci Giorgetti
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Training ◽  
Primary School ◽  
School Teacher ◽  
Learning By Doing ◽  
Primary School Teacher ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Village ◽  
Village Institutes

In the 1930s, the primary schooling rate in Turkey was significantly low compared to the European states. Ninety percent of the population lived in villages without any schools and teachers. Therefore, promoting primary education was addressed as an issue concerning villages in Turkey. The seeds of the intellectual infrastructure in the emergence of institutes were sown at the beginning of the 20th century, during the Ottoman rule. To train teachers for villages, Village Teacher Training School [Köy Muallim Mektebi] was founded in 1927 and Village Instructor Training Course [Köy Eğitmen Kursu] in 1936. However, these initiatives were not sufficient in terms of quality and quantity. Village teacher training experiences, new education, and work school trends of Europe were analyzed by Turkish educators, opinions of foreign and Turkish experts were received, and the Village Institutes [Köy Enstitüleri] project was carried into effect based on the realities of Turkey. The first Village Institutes opened in 1937. They were established in a restricted area, with a limited budget, and a non-common curriculum until the Village Institute Law was promulgated in 1940. On April 17, 1940, the law prescribing their establishment was approved by the parliament. The number of the Village Institutes, which spread over the Turkish geography evenly, reached 21 by 1949. The period between 1940 and 1947 was when the Village Institutes were most productive. Learning by doing and principles of productive work were embraced at the Village Institutes. The curriculum consisted of three components: general culture, agriculture, and technical courses. In addition to their teaching duties, the primary school teachers that graduated from the Village Institutes undertook the mission of guiding villagers in agricultural and technical issues and having them adopt the nation-state ideology in villages. World balances changing after the Second World War also affected the Village Institutes. In 1946, the founding committee of the Village Institutes were accused of leftism and had to leave their offices for political reasons. After the founding committee stepped aside, the Village Institutes started to be criticized by being subjected to the conflict between left-wing and right-wing. Following the government changeover in 1950, radical changes regarding the curricula, students, and teachers of the institutes were made. Making the Village Institutes unique, the production- and work-oriented aspects were eliminated, and the institutes were closed down in 1954 and converted into Primary School Teacher Training Schools. Although the Village Institutes existed only between 1937 and 1954, their social, economic, and political effects were felt for a long time through the teachers, health officers, and inspectors they trained.

scholarly journals Technological Thoughts on Scientific and Technological Innovation Promoting Rural Rejuvenation

2021 ◽  
Vol 235 ◽  
pp. 02035
Author(s):  
Yaping Mao
Keyword(s):  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Rural Agriculture ◽  
The Road ◽  
Rural Revitalization ◽  
Continuous Progress ◽  
The Village

Scientific and technological innovation is the key to rural revitalization and development. As the most important industry of rural agriculture, technology supports the development and construction of agriculture. To strengthen the development of rural agriculture, technological innovation must be carried out so as to promote the continuous progress of agriculture, and ultimately lead the village to the road to prosperity. This article analyzes the strategy of scientific and technological innovation to promote rural revitalization, and proposes key strategies as a reference to help rural agriculture achieve development and progress and lead rural people to a well-off life.

The Newcomers Group

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah-Neel Smith
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Press Coverage ◽  
Western Modernity ◽  
National Body ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Village Institutes

The Newcomers Group [YenilerGrubu] was formed in 1940 while its members were still students at the Istanbul Academy of Fine Arts under Leopold Levy (1840–1904), and was active through 1952. It is also known as the Harbor Group [LimanGrubu], in reference to the theme of the collective’s first exhibition, which featured scenes of waterfront life in Istanbul. Similar to art collective D Group (1933–1947), the Newcomers aimed to portray what they saw as uniquely Turkish social realities using formal strategies associated with Western modernity, including impressionist, fauvist, and cubist painting techniques. At the same time, the Newcomers claimed with greater urgency than the D Group that local artists were obligated to engage directly with Turkey’s general population. This preoccupation with the relationship of the artist in an elite social position to the larger national body was closely linked to ongoing debates both in state policy (reflected in the development of the Homeland Tours program from 1938–1943, and the Village Institutes from 1940–1954) and in the Turkish literary world. As a result, the Newcomers received ample press coverage and the support of major literary figures such as Hilmi Ziya Ülken (1901–1974) and Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar (1901–1962), who also sought to develop national art forms rooted in Turkish popular experience.

scholarly journals Thoughts on the Construction of Beautiful Villages with Poverty Alleviation in the Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanxue Li ◽  
Zhu Shu ◽  
Dawei Xu
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Government Institutions ◽  
Rural Revitalization ◽  
National Congress ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Relationship

 Accurate poverty alleviation has become an important task in implementing the rural revitalization strategy. Since the 19th CPC National Congress, Chinese government institutions have been striving to take measures to lift poor rural areas out of poverty. This essay takes Tailai district as the blueprint to start the research on precision poverty alleviation, explores and discusses the construction of beautiful villages, proposes strategies for sustainable development, makes people change concepts to coordinate the relationship between interests and concepts. It also points out the target that using the industry as a guide, using technology to alleviate poverty and make the village vibrant. Therefore, the endogenous power will be derived from the roots, and the agriculture, farmer and rural area will be fed back, in order to provide a reference for the Construction of Beautiful Villages in Heilongjiang.

scholarly journals Study on the Spatial Restructuring of the Village System at the County Level Oriented toward the Rural Revitalization Strategy: A Case of Jintan District, Jiangsu Province

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 478
Author(s):  
Xinguo Bu ◽  
Lijie Pu ◽  
Chunzhu Shen ◽  
Xuefeng Xie ◽  
Caiyao Xu
Keyword(s):  
Service Area ◽  
Jiangsu Province ◽  
County Level ◽  
Rural Revitalization ◽  
Spatial Restructuring ◽  
Important Means ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

The spatial restructuring of village systems is an important means by which to promote rural revitalization. A large number of villages with small average areas bring great challenges to the implementation of the Rural Revitalization Strategy (RRS) in China. To promote the implementation of the RRS, it is necessary to restructure the village system. This paper proposes a method of spatial restructuring for the village system at the county level, oriented toward the RRS. This study proposes a village classification system with central villages, characteristic villages, and merged villages. It also accounts for the role of various villages in the RRS and proposes differentiated development strategies. This study involved the construction of a village centrality index system and a central village selection model aligned with the RRS. Taking the district of Jintan in Jiangsu Province as a case study for the empirical analysis, the results show that the applicability of the model to the study area is good. Using this model, 32 central villages and 10 characteristic villages were selected. After restructuring the village system, the number of villages decreased by 69.1%. The results from analyzing the travel time radius of the central villages show that 71.5% of the land in the evaluation area lies within a 15 min commute of the central villages, and 96.5% lies within 25 min, indicating that the locations and number of the selected central villages are reasonable. Compared with the service area of the village system before the restructure, the average service area of the central villages is 3.4 times larger, which helps to improve the infrastructure and public service efficiency of the central villages. By guiding resources to aggregate in the central villages and promoting the comprehensive consolidation of land in the merged villages, the restructuring of the village system can help further the success of the RRS in Jintan.

scholarly journals Report from a Chinese Village 2019: Rural Homestead Transfer and Rural Vitalization

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 8635
Author(s):  
Yongchao Zhang ◽  
Hans Westlund ◽  
Johan Klaesson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Transition ◽  
System Reform ◽  
Land Utilization ◽  
Land System ◽  
Rural Revitalization ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Specific Practice ◽  
Rural Land System ◽  
The Village

With the economic transition and changes in the urban–rural relationships, rural revitalization has become a great political concern in China. Reforming the rural land system is considered an important prerequisite for the revitalization of the countryside as the homestead transfer can provide new land utilization space for industries. This case study of the “hollow village” (villages with abandoned houses) reconstruction of Wantang in Yiwu city, which is a homestead system reforming pilot, aims at making a detailed analysis of the specific practice of homestead transfer. It analyzes the roles and functions of the local village collective organization in the reform of homestead transfer. From the capitalization on homestead value, the effect of densification of housing, and the effect of labor resource diversification of homestead transfer, this paper analyzes how the village collective uses the policy of the “hollow village reconstruction” to realize rural revitalization and farmers’ welfare. A conclusion is that the village collective’s leadership and mobilization played an indispensable role in the process of homestead system reform. Building up industry is the key factor for the village’s revitalization. It is significant not only for the use of the homestead resource but also for creating off-farm employment. Our findings also emphasize the need for bottom-up village collective initiatives to align with top-down government policy, regional resource endowments and enterprises, to achieve rural revitalization.

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