scholarly journals Pathogenesis of Enterovirus 71 Brainstem Encephalitis in Pediatric Patients: Roles of Cytokines and Cellular Immune Activation in Patients with Pulmonary Edema

2003 ◽  
Vol 188 (4) ◽  
pp. 564-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shih‐Min Wang ◽  
Huan‐Yao Lei ◽  
Kao‐Jean Huang ◽  
Jing‐Ming Wu ◽  
Jen‐Ren Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Brainstem Encephalitis ◽  
Cellular Immune

scholarly journals Neurological Perspectives of Neurogenic Pulmonary Edema

2019 ◽  
Vol 81 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 94-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Finsterer
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Neurogenic Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Brainstem Encephalitis ◽  
Simultaneous Treatment ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Subarachnoid Bleeding ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Intra Cranial Pressure

Background: Neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) is characterized by acute respiratory distress triggered by acute, severe compromise of the central nervous system (CNS). This review aims at summarizing and discussing recent and previous findings about the type and frequency of CNS triggers of NPE, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of patients experiencing NPE. Key Messages: NPE is diagnosed in the presence of pink, frothy sputum, pulmonary edema, bilateral opacities on X-ray, PaO2:PiO2 <200 mm Hg, acute CNS compromise with increased intra-cranial pressure, rapid resolution within 48–72 h, and the absence of alternative causes of respiratory distress. The most common cerebral triggers of NPE include enterovirus-71-associated brainstem encephalitis, subarachnoid bleeding, intracerebral bleeding, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, ischemic stroke, intracranial/spinal surgery, multiple sclerosis, electroconvulsive therapy, subdural/epidural hematoma, intoxication, hypoxia, and hydrocephalus. Simultaneous treatment of CNS and pulmonary compromise is required. Cerebral treatment involves infectiologists, neurologists, and neurosurgeons. Pulmonary treatment is mainly supportive, but if ineffective, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or thermodilution are alternative options. Applying intensive care measures, the outcome of NPE has improved. Summary: CNS-disease triggering NPE is more variegated than anticipated. Delineation of NPE from other pulmonary or cardiac conditions mimicking NPE is crucial to take appropriate measures and improve the outcome of these patients.

scholarly journals Urinary suPAR: a non-invasive biomarker of infection and tissue inflammation for use in studies of large free-ranging mammals

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 191825 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Higham ◽  
Christiane Stahl-Hennig ◽  
Michael Heistermann
Keyword(s):  
Immune Activation ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Surgical Trauma ◽  
Large Mammals ◽  
Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Processing And Storage ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Free Ranging

Studies of large free-ranging mammals incorporating physiological measurements typically require the collection of urine or faecal samples, due to ethical and practical concerns over trapping or darting animals. However, there is a dearth of validated biomarkers of immune activation and inflammation that can be measured non-invasively. We here evaluate the utility of urinary measurements of the soluble form of the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), for use as a health marker in studies of wild large mammals. We investigate how urinary suPAR concentrations change in response to viral infection and surgical trauma (inflammation), comparing it to the measurement of a marker of cellular immune activation, urinary neopterin (uNEO), in captive rhesus macaques. We then test the field utility of urinary suPAR, assessing the effects of soil and faecal contamination, sunlight, storage at different temperatures, freeze–thaw cycles, and lyophilization. We find that suPAR concentrations rise markedly in response to both infection and surgery-associated inflammation, unlike uNEO concentrations, which only rise in response to the former. Our field validation demonstrates that urinary suPAR is reasonably robust to many of the issues associated with field collection, sample processing, and storage, as long as samples can be stored in a freezer. Urinary suPAR is thus a promising biomarker applicable for monitoring various aspects of health in wild primates and potentially also other large mammals.

scholarly journals Association Between Angiopoietin-2 and Enterovirus 71 Induced Pulmonary Edema

2015 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 391-396
Author(s):  
Zhijiang Qi ◽  
Zhi Li ◽  
Dong Hao ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
Yongfu Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Angiopoietin 2

scholarly journals A biomimetic yeast shell vaccine coated with layered double hydroxides induces a robust humoral and cellular immune response against tumors

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
pp. 3494-3506
Author(s):  
Dong-qun Liu ◽  
Shuai Lu ◽  
Lun Zhang ◽  
Ling-xiao Zhang ◽  
Mei Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Layered Double Hydroxides ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Cellular Immune Response ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Double Hydroxides

Schematic illustration of the LDH nanoparticle-coated yeast shell vaccine and immune activation.

Cellular immune activation in the brain and human immunodeficiency virus infection

1988 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietmarch Fuchs ◽  
Ernst R. Werner ◽  
Manfred P. Dierich ◽  
Helmut Wachter
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
The Brain

Therapeutic efficacy of milrinone in the management of enterovirus 71-induced pulmonary edema

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shih-Min Wang ◽  
Huan-Yao Lei ◽  
Mei-Chih Huang ◽  
Jing-Min Wu ◽  
Chun-Ta Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Therapeutic Efficacy ◽  
Enterovirus 71

scholarly journals Mast cells contribute to Enterovirus 71 infection-induced pulmonary edema in neonatal mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (8) ◽  
pp. 1039-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuefei Jin ◽  
Chao Zhang ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
Guangyuan Zhou ◽  
Xiangpeng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Neonatal Mice ◽  
Enterovirus 71 Infection

scholarly journals Breastfeeding, Cellular Immune Activation, and Myocardial Recovery in Peripartum Cardiomyopathy

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes Koczo ◽  
Amy Marino ◽  
Arun Jeyabalan ◽  
Uri Elkayam ◽  
Leslie T. Cooper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Activation ◽  
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Myocardial Recovery ◽  
Cellular Immune
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