A Factor that Promotes Mycelial Development in Sporisorium reilianum In vitro

Shyamala Bhaskaran; Roberta H. Smith; Richard A. Frederiksen

doi:10.1086/337906

Trichoderma asperellum (NST-009): A Possible Thai Native Antagonistic Fungus for Managing White Root Disease of Rubber Trees (Hevea brasiliensis)

Indian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.18805/ijare.a-657 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Athakorn Promwee ◽

Warin Intana ◽

Thanet Khomphet

Keyword(s):

Open Field ◽

Mycelial Growth ◽

Rhizosphere Soil ◽

Severity Index ◽

Root Disease ◽

Antifungal Metabolite ◽

Commercial Strain ◽

Native Strains ◽

Mycelial Development

Background: Rigidoporus microporus causes white root disease, which is one of the most harmful diseases in rubber trees in Thailand. The objectives of this study were to determine the efficacy of T. asperellum NST-009 and its antifungal metabolite in inhibiting R. microporus mycelial development and efficacy of T. asperellum NST-009 in controlling white root disease of rubber trees in an open-field house experiment. Methods: Four native strains of T. asperellum from Nakhon Si Thammarat Province and a commercial strain of Thailand were used in this study. This study was conducted at Agricultural Microbial Production and Service Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand, during the period 2017-2020. Result: T. asperellum NST-009 significantly inhibited R. microporus mycelial growth by 77.07% in vitro and its antifungal metabolite from the culture filtrate of T. asperellum NST-009 inhibited mycelial growth by 92.31%. T. asperellum NST-009 reduced the disease severity index by 76.38% in the open-field house experiment compared to the inoculated control. Furthermore, T. asperellum NST-009 was found to survive in rhizosphere soil at 4.50 × 105 CFU/g soil and colonized the roots at 100.00%.

Download Full-text

Potential of Trichosporon asahii against Alternaria sp. and mechanisms of actions

Summa Phytopathologica ◽

10.1590/0100-5405/220861 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 20-25

Author(s):

Ariane Silva Bosqueiro ◽

Rodolfo Bizarria Júnior ◽

Márcia Maria Rosa-Magri

Keyword(s):

Antagonistic Activity ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Antagonistic Effect ◽

Production Chain ◽

Trichosporon Asahii ◽

Modern Agriculture ◽

Killer Toxins ◽

Alternaria Sp ◽

Mycelial Development

ABSTRACT Alternaria sp. is a fungus that causes rot in several crops, causing damage to the agricultural production chain. Biological control agents constitute an alternative to reduce the use of pesticides in the crops, a social demand for modern agriculture. The aim of the present study is to demonstrate the antagonistic effect of the yeast Trichosporon asahii (3S44) on the mycelial development of Alternaria sp. and some in vitro mechanisms of action. Trichosporon asahii showed antagonistic activity towards Alternaria sp., presenting mycelial inhibition (57.47%). The assays indicated production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), competition for nutrients, biofilm formation, production of killer toxins and β-1,3-glucanase as mechanisms of action of T. asahii. Collectively, our results showed the potential of T. asahii to control the mycelial development of Alternaria sp. and some mechanisms of action of this yeast for future biotechnological studies.

Download Full-text

Host Specificity of Sporisorium reilianum Is Tightly Linked to Generation of the Phytoalexin Luteolinidin by Sorghum bicolor

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi-12-11-0314 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 25 (9) ◽

pp. 1230-1237 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Katja Zuther ◽

Jörg Kahnt ◽

Jan Utermark ◽

Julia Imkampe ◽

Simon Uhse ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Host Specificity ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Disease Etiology ◽

Ionization Time ◽

Plant Infection ◽

Sporisorium Reilianum ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Surface Spread ◽

Phytoalexin Biosynthesis

The smut fungus Sporisorium reilianum occurs in two varieties (S. reilianum f. sp. reilianum and S. reilianum f. sp. zeae) that cause head smut disease on sorghum and maize, respectively. Prior to plant infection, compatible haploid sporidia of S. reilianum fuse to form infectious dikaryotic hyphae that penetrate the leaf surface, spread throughout the plant, and reach the inflorescences, in which spore formation occurs. To elucidate the basis of host specificity of the two S. reilianum varieties, we compared disease etiology of S. reilianum f. sp. reilianum and S. reilianum f. sp. zeae on sorghum and maize. Both varieties could penetrate and multiply in both hosts. However, red spots appeared on inoculated leaves after sorghum infection with S. reilianum f. sp. zeae. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time of flight analysis of leaf extracts, we show that sorghum reacts with the production of the red and orange phytoalexins luteolinidin and apigeninidin upon colonization by S. reilianum f. sp. zeae but not by S. reilianum f. sp. reilianum. Using in vitro growth assays, we demonstrate that luteolinidin but not apigeninidin slows vegetative growth of both S. reilianum f. sp. zeae and S. reilianum f. sp. reilianum. However, the phytoalexin biosynthesis gene SbDFR3 is only induced in sorghum after infection with S. reilianum f. sp. zeae, as shown by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. This suggests that regulation of luteolinidin biosynthesis determines infection success of S. reilianum on sorghum.

Download Full-text

In vitro evaluation of residues of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) aqueous extracts, against the fungus Penicillium italicum

Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture ◽

10.9755/ejfa.2019.v31.i8.1993 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 613

Author(s):

H.J. Cortés- Rivera ◽

Francisco Javier Blancas-Benitez ◽

Luz del Carmen Romero-Islas ◽

Porfirio Gutiérrez-Martinez ◽

Ramsés Ramón González-Estrada

Keyword(s):

Cocos Nucifera ◽

Citrus Fruit ◽

Aqueous Extracts ◽

Health Issues ◽

Penicillium Italicum ◽

Suitable Alternative ◽

Germination Process ◽

Cocos Nucifera L ◽

Mycelial Development

Penicillium italicum is an important pathogen that attacks citrus fruits. Traditionally, chemical fungicides are widely used for controlling fruit diseases, however environmental and health issues have lead to the research of safe alternatives. The efficacy of aqueous extracts from mesocarp (fibrous husk) and exocarp (outer layer) of coconut were evaluated against P. italicum development in terms of mycelial growth, sporulation and germination process. Mesocarp extracts were more efficient to control the mycelial development (82%) compared to exocarp extracts (77%). The sporulation was significantly reduced with the application of extracts from mesocarp (94%) and exocarp (93%) compared to the control treatments. The germination process was strongly affected by the application extracts. Thus, the use of these extracts could be a suitable alternative to inhibit P. italicum in citrus fruit, besides the use of these residues as a source of antifungal compounds could reduce coconut residues accumulation in the environment.

Download Full-text

Trichoderma posible micoparásito de Sporisorium reilianum y su influencia en el rendimiento de maíz

Entreciencias diálogos en la Sociedad del Conocimiento ◽

10.22201/enesl.20078064e.2019.20.67345 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (20) ◽

Author(s):

Nadia Landero Valenzuela ◽

Francisco Marcelo Lara Viveros ◽

Alejandro Rodríguez Ortega ◽

Andrés Pérez Vite ◽

Abigail Ortíz Hernández

Keyword(s):

Title Page ◽

Sporisorium Reilianum

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">Objetivo - evaluar el efecto de cepas de Trichoderma en el control de Sporisorium reilianum y aumentar el rendimiento en un cultivo de maíz en el Valle del Mezquital, Hidalgo.Método - se desarrollaron experimentos in vitro e in vivo, las variables evaluadas fueron colonización por Trichoderma en cultivos duales, Incidencia, colonización de tejidos vegetales, altura y rendimiento. Los resultados serán relevantes para las regiones templadas donde se establezca maíz. Resultados - se demostró in vitro que el patógeno fue controlado principalmente por las cepas C5THBr y C3VM14. En incidencia en el cultivo, el tratamiento con el cual se obtuvo el mejor resultado fue con la cepa C4TVBr-no nativa (8.31%). Los tejidos fueron colonizados por Trichoderma desde un 19.99% (hojas) hasta un 53.3% (raíces). A excepción de C3VM14 todos los tratamientos tuvieron efecto positivo en altura de plantas. Con la cepa C5THBr-no nativa hubo un aumento de rendimiento de un 38.8%. Limitaciones - se requieren estudios detallados sobre los mecanismos de acción de las cepas en estudio. Principales hallazgos - las cepas de Trichoderma tanto nativas como no nativas pueden tener un efecto en el control de Sporisorium reilianum así como en el aumento del rendimiento del cultivo del maíz. </div></div></div>

Download Full-text

Differential growth ofFusarium moniliformerelative to tissues from 'Silver Queen', a sweet maize

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b00-022 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 78 (4) ◽

pp. 472-480 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

I E Yates ◽

A J Jaworski

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Plant Tissue ◽

Fusarium Moniliforme ◽

Zea Mays L ◽

Plant Tissues ◽

Reproductive Tissue ◽

Differential Growth ◽

Reproductive Tissues ◽

Mycelial Development

Vegetative and reproductive tissues of maize, Zea mays L., were inoculated in vitro with Fusarium moniliforme J. Sheld. to determine inherent differences among plant tissue types to support mycelia proliferation. The F. moniliforme isolate used for inoculations was tagged with gusA, a reporter gene, providing evidence that developing mycelia were from the inoculum source and excluding possibilities of an external contaminant or an internal endophytic F. moniliforme. Vegetative tissues were dissected from roots, stems, and leaves; reproductive tissues were dissected from developing male and female inflorescences and fruits. In addition, mycelial development was analyzed on nonwounded and wounded mature kernels. Fusarium moniliforme mycelial accumulation was more rapid and extensive on reproductive than on vegetative plant tissue. Fusarium moniliforme conidia inoculated on immature kernels formed a dense mycelial mat, whereas F. moniliforme conidia inoculated on mature kernels developed sparse hyphae, unless the kernels had been wounded. Thus, the type, maturity, and physical condition of maize plant tissues are factors responsible for in vitro differences in mycelial proliferation.Key words: conidia, mycotoxins, plant pathogen, reproductive tissue, vegetative tissue, Zea mays.

Download Full-text

Endophytes from Wild Rubber Trees as Antagonists of the Pathogen Corynespora cassiicola

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-03-19-0093-r ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 109 (11) ◽

pp. 1888-1899 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Valérie Pujade-Renaud ◽

Marine Déon ◽

Romina Gazis ◽

Sébastien Ribeiro ◽

Florence Dessailly ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fungal Endophytes ◽

Rubber Tree ◽

The Philippines ◽

Corynespora Cassiicola ◽

Yield Losses ◽

Promising Candidate ◽

Trichoderma Spp ◽

Trichoderma Isolates ◽

Mycelial Development

The Corynespora leaf fall disease of rubber trees, caused by the necrotrophic fungus Corynespora cassiicola, is responsible for important yield losses in Asian and African plantations, whereas its impact is negligible in South America. The objective of this study was to identify potential antagonists of C. cassiicola among fungal endophytes (i.e., Pestalotiopsis, Colletotrichum, and Trichoderma spp.) isolated from wild and cultivated rubber trees distributed in the Peruvian Amazon. We first tested the endophytes in dual in vitro confrontation assays against a virulent C. cassiicola isolate (CCP) obtained from diseased rubber trees in the Philippines. All Trichoderma isolates overran the CCP colony, suggesting some antagonistic mechanism, while species from the other genera behaved as mutual antagonists. Trichoderma isolates were then tested through antibiosis assays for their capacity to produce growth-inhibiting molecules. One isolate (LA279), recovered as an endophyte from a wild Hevea guianensis specimen and identified as Trichoderma koningiopsis, showed significant antibiosis capacity. We demonstrated that LA279 was also able to endophytically colonize the cultivated rubber tree species (H. brasiliensis). Under controlled laboratory conditions, rubber plants were inoculated with three Trichoderma strains, including LA279, in combination with the pathogenic CCP. Results showed that 1 week preinoculation with the endophytes differentially reduced CCP mycelial development and symptoms. In conclusion, this study suggests that T. koningiopsis isolate LA279—and derivate compounds—could be a promising candidate for the biological control of the important rubber tree pathogen C. cassiicola.

Download Full-text

Ultrastructural Studies of the Effects of Allium sativum on Phytopathogenic Fungi in vitro

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.1997.81.11.1241 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 81 (11) ◽

pp. 1241-1246 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Alberto Bianchi ◽

Alessandra Zambonelli ◽

Aldo Zechini D'Aulerio ◽

Franco Bellesia

Keyword(s):

Linear Chain ◽

Pythium Ultimum ◽

Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽

Colletotrichum Lindemuthianum ◽

Ultrastructural Studies ◽

Volatile Organic ◽

Consequent Reduction ◽

Allyl Sulfides ◽

Mycelial Development

A study was made of the effects of garlic on the development of mycelium in the following phytopathogenic fungi: Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc., Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, Pythium ultimum Trow var. ultimum, and Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. and Magnus) Briosi and Cav. A suspension of micronized garlic powder, which has volatile organic compounds mainly consisting of linear chain aldehydes, allyl sulfides and disulfides, was used for the trials. Mycelial development of the fungi was strongly inhibited at the maximum concentration of the aqueous extract tested (100 ml/liter); however only the growth of P. ultimum var. ultimum was entirely blocked. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy revealed cytomorphological alterations of the hyphae treated with garlic. R. solani and C. lindemuthianum hyphae appeared especially collapsed, while those of F. solani were less damaged, although thinner than the control hyphae. A general increase in vacuolization was also observed, with consequent reduction in the cytoplasm of the treated fungal cells. R. solani also revealed a thickening of the cell wall, whereas C. lindemuthianum revealed a singular accumulation of osmiophil bodies immediately under the cell membrane.

Download Full-text

Ultrastructural Investigations of the Contractile Filaments of Amoebae

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100050950 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 188-189

Author(s):

P.L. Moore

Keyword(s):

Cytoplasmic Streaming ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Freeze Fracture ◽

Amoeboid Movement ◽

Different Types ◽

Chemical Conditions ◽

Complete Interpretation

Previous freeze fracture results on the intact giant, amoeba Chaos carolinensis indicated the presence of a fibrillar arrangement of filaments within the cytoplasm. A complete interpretation of the three dimensional ultrastructure of these structures, and their possible role in amoeboid movement was not possible, since comparable results could not be obtained with conventional fixation of intact amoebae. Progress in interpreting the freeze fracture images of amoebae required a more thorough understanding of the different types of filaments present in amoebae, and of the ways in which they could be organized while remaining functional.The recent development of a calcium sensitive, demembranated, amoeboid model of Chaos carolinensis has made it possible to achieve a better understanding of such functional arrangements of amoeboid filaments. In these models the motility of demembranated cytoplasm can be controlled in vitro, and the chemical conditions necessary for contractility, and cytoplasmic streaming can be investigated. It is clear from these studies that “fibrils” exist in amoeboid models, and that they are capable of contracting along their length under conditions similar to those which cause contraction in vertebrate muscles.

Download Full-text

In Vitro Induction of Crystals of MT Protein by Vinblastine-Colcemid in Mouse Spermatids

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100050676 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 132-133

Author(s):

John J. Wolosewick ◽

John H. D. Bryan

Keyword(s):

Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽

Nuclear Ring ◽

Rough Er ◽

Distal Direction ◽

In Vitro Induction

Early in spermiogenesis the manchette is rapidly assembled in a distal direction from the nuclear-ring-densities. The association of vesicles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and the manchette microtubules (MTS) has been reported. In the mouse, osmophilic densities at the distal ends of the manchette are the organizing centers (MTOCS), and are associated with the SER. Rapid MT assembly and the lack of rough ER suggests that there is an existing pool of MT protein. Colcemid potentiates the reaction of vinblastine with tubulin and was used in this investigation to detect this protein.

Download Full-text