Vascular Cambium and Wood Development in Carboniferous Plants. IV. Seed Plants

1986 ◽  
Vol 147 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Cichan
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Seed Plants ◽  
Wood Development

THE ONTOGENY OF THE VASCULAR CAMBIUM IN THE STEM OF SEED PLANTS

1965 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 534-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. PHILIPSON ◽  
JOSEPHINE M. WARD
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Seed Plants

scholarly journals Water lily (Nymphaea thermarum) genome reveals variable genomic signatures of ancient vascular cambium losses

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (15) ◽  
pp. 8649-8656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca A. Povilus ◽  
Jeffrey M. DaCosta ◽  
Christopher Grassa ◽  
Prasad R. V. Satyaki ◽  
Morgan Moeglein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Draft Genome ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Seed Plants ◽  
Water Lily ◽  
Angiosperm Evolution ◽  
Genomic Signatures ◽  
Independent Events

For more than 225 million y, all seed plants were woody trees, shrubs, or vines. Shortly after the origin of angiosperms ∼140 million y ago (MYA), the Nymphaeales (water lilies) became one of the first lineages to deviate from their ancestral, woody habit by losing the vascular cambium, the meristematic population of cells that produces secondary xylem (wood) and phloem. Many of the genes and gene families that regulate differentiation of secondary tissues also regulate the differentiation of primary xylem and phloem, which are produced by apical meristems and retained in nearly all seed plants. Here, we sequenced and assembled a draft genome of the water lily Nymphaea thermarum, an emerging system for the study of early flowering plant evolution, and compared it to genomes from other cambium-bearing and cambium-less lineages (e.g., monocots and Nelumbo). This revealed lineage-specific patterns of gene loss and divergence. Nymphaea is characterized by a significant contraction of the HD-ZIP III transcription factors, specifically loss of REVOLUTA, which influences cambial activity in other angiosperms. We also found the Nymphaea and monocot copies of cambium-associated CLE signaling peptides display unique substitutions at otherwise highly conserved amino acids. Nelumbo displays no obvious divergence in cambium-associated genes. The divergent genomic signatures of convergent loss of vascular cambium reveals that even pleiotropic genes can exhibit unique divergence patterns in association with independent events of trait loss. Our results shed light on the evolution of herbaceousness—one of the key biological innovations associated with the earliest phases of angiosperm evolution.

Vascular cambium and wood development in Carboniferous plants. III. Arthropitys (Equisetales; Calamitaceae)

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 688-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Cichan
Keyword(s):  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Wood Development ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Cambium Activity ◽  
Developmental Characteristics ◽  
Ray Initials

Vascular cambium activity was examined in Arthropitys communis (Binney) Hirmer et Knoell, and A. deltoides Cichan et Taylor, anatomically preserved calamite stems from the Pennsylvanian of Kentucky. Developmental characteristics of the meristem were inferred from changes in the size and number of tracheids and ray cells determined from serial tangential sections of the secondary xylem. In A. communis, circumferential enlargement of the cambium seems to have been accommodated primarily by the enlargement of fusiform initials. Qualitative and quantitative evidence is also presented indicating that “marginal” interfascicular ray initials were converted to fusiform initials during the early stages of cambial activity. In A. deltoides, circumferential enlargement of the meristem was accommodated by the enlargement of fusiform initials and by an increase in size and number of interfascicular ray initials. Multiplicative division of the fascicular ray initials appears to have been an important feature of cambial activity in both species. There is no qualitative or quantitative evidence that the number of fusiform initials in either species was augmented by anticlinal division as in extant seed plants.

Studies of the holoparasite Tristerix aphyllus (Loranthaceae) infecting Trichocereus chilensis (Cactaceae)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 847-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Mauseth ◽  
Gloria Montenegro ◽  
Alan M. Walckowiak
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Seed Plants ◽  
Tracheary Elements ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Stalk ◽  
Columnar Cacti ◽  
Stems And Leaves ◽  
Longitudinal Cell

Many of the large columnar cacti Trichocereus chilensis near Santiago are infected by Tristerix aphyllus. This is one of the most highly reduced seed plants known: as it is an endoparasite, inflorescences are the only parts of the plant ever to emerge from the host, all the rest exists as an endophytic haustorial system; roots, vegetative stems, and leaves are not produced. After infection, the parasite spreads through the thick cortex of the host, reaching the vascular cambium and conducting tissues. It continues to grow intrusively throughout all tissues of the host shoot. In its invasive stage it occurs as a "myceliumlike" mass of uniseriate filaments that grow between host cells but only rarely enter them. Later growth is by longitudinal cell division that produces irregular parenchymatous strands. Eventually, xylem and phloem differentiate in the endophytic strands; the phloem is like that of other seed plants, but the xylem is almost pure parenchyma, with only occasional, idioblastic tracheary elements. Strands close to the epidermis of the host are able to produce adventitious flower buds that emerge through either soft regions in the epidermis (the areoles) or through accidental breaks in it. The flower stalk may persist, forming a small perennial inflorescence that has well-developed xylem, phloem, and periderm but is without leaves. Host cells appear healthy and normal, with no sign of damage caused by the presence of the parasite.

scholarly journals Water lily (Nymphaea thermarum) draft genome reveals variable genomic signatures of ancient vascular cambium losses

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca A. Povilus ◽  
Jeffery M. DaCosta ◽  
Christopher Grassa ◽  
Prasad R. V. Satyaki ◽  
Morgan Moeglein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Loss ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Seed Plants ◽  
Water Lily ◽  
Angiosperm Evolution ◽  
Genomic Signatures

AbstractFor more than 225 million years, all seed plants were woody trees, shrubs, or vines (1–4). Shortly after the origin of angiosperms ~135 million years ago (MYA) (5), the Nymphaeales (water lilies) became one of the first lineages to deviate from their ancestral, woody habit by losing the vascular cambium (6), the meristematic population of cells that produces secondary xylem (wood) and phloem. Many of the genes and gene families that regulate differentiation of secondary tissues also regulate the differentiation of primary xylem and phloem (7–9), which are produced by apical meristems and retained in nearly all seed plants. Here we sequence and assemble a draft genome of the water lily Nymphaea thermarum, an emerging system for the study of early flowering plant evolution, and compare it to genomes from other cambium-bearing and cambium-less lineages (like monocots and Nelumbo). This reveals lineage-specific patterns of gene loss and divergence. Nymphaea is characterized by a significant contraction of the HD-ZIP III transcription factors, specifically loss of REVOLUTA, which influences cambial activity in other angiosperms. We also find the Nymphaea and monocot copies of cambium-associated CLE signaling peptides display unique substitutions at otherwise highly conserved amino acids. Nelumbo displays no obvious divergence in cambium-associated genes. The divergent genomic signatures of convergent vascular cambium loss reveals that even pleiotropic genes can exhibit unique divergence patterns in association with independent trait loss events. Our results shed light on the evolution of herbaceousness – one of the key biological innovations associated with the earliest phases of angiosperm evolution.Significance StatementFor ~225 million years, all seed plants were woody trees, shrubs, or vines. Shortly after the origin of flowering plants ~135 million years ago, Nymphaeales (water lilies) became one of the first seed plant lineages to become herbaceous through loss of the meristematic cell population known as the vascular cambium. We sequence and assemble the draft genome of the water lily Nymphaea thermarum, and compare it to genomes of other plants that have retained or lost the vascular cambium. By using both genome-wide and candidate-gene analysis, we find lineage-specific patterns of gene loss and divergence associated with cambium loss. Our reveal divergent genomic signatures of convergent trait loss in a system characterized by complex gene-trait relationships.

ПоражениесеменныхрастенийредисагрибомAlbugocandidaприпервичномсеменоводствевМосковскойобласти

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.N. Khovrin ◽  
D.A. Yanaeva
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Plants ◽  
Albugo Candida ◽  
Generative Phase

В статье описаны симптомы поражения семенных растений редиса A. candida, дана оценка ряда сортов с разной устойчивостью к A. candida. Описаны способы борьбы с этим заболеванием при элитном семеноводстве редиса. В результате двулетней оценки образцов питомника размножения выявлено, что есть сортовая специфика устойчивости к Albugo candida. Более склонен к поражению в генеративную фазу развития сорт Кармен, наиболее устойчив к патогену сорт Меркадо.The symptoms of A. candida on seed plants radish are described a number of varieties with different resistance to A. candida are evaluated. The methods of combating of this disease in elite seed production of radish are described. As a result of twoyear evaluation of breeding nursery samples it was revealed that there is varietal specificity of resistance to A. candida. The Carmen cultivar is more prone to disease in the generative phase, the most resistant to the pathogen is Mercado cultivar.

Итоги селекционно-семеноводческой работы с редечными культурами на Дальнем Востоке

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
V  Leunov ◽  
Y  Mikheev
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Seed Plants ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Soil Pathogens ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
State Register ◽  
Golden Horn ◽  
The Far East ◽  
High Yielding Varieties ◽  
Technological Methods

Расширение ассортимента потребляемых овощных культур – одна из основных задач в селекционно-семеноводческой работе с редечными культурами на Дальнем Востоке. В статье приводятся данные о селекции редечных культур (лобы, дайкона, редьки и др.) на Приморской овощной опытной станции. В результате проведения многолетних исследований и реализации ряда научных программ был создан новый исходный материал для селекции. В настоящем материале также подведены итоги актуальных направлений в селекции редечных культур в условиях муссонного климата. Селекционно-семеноводческие исследования в условиях климата Дальнего Востока с использованием индивидуального, а также индивидуально-семейственного методов отбора, разработка и внедрение технологических приемов первичного и сортового семеноводства обеспечили создание перспективного селекционного материала. Выделены ценные генисточники для создания новых сортообразцов китайского, японского и европейского подвидов редьки с высокими иммунологическими, продуктивными и товарными качествами, повышенными биохимическими показателями, высокой устойчивостью к переувлажнению почвы и возбудителями болезней. Созданы и включены в Госреестр РФ высокопродуктивные сорта китайского подвида редьки (лоба) Малиновый шар и Золотой рог, европейского подвида зимней редьки Ночная красавица, устойчивые к переувлажнению почвы и цветушности, бактериальным заболеваниям. В результате более чем двадцатилетних исследований изучены морфологические и биологические особенности формирования семенных растений редьки, использование эффективных элементов отбора в сочетании с агротехническими приемами возделывания. Усовершенствованы технологические методы первичного и товарного семеноводства редьки, выделены благоприятные агроклиматические зоны выращивания семенных растений, способствующие получению высококачественных семян при сохранении ими высоких биологических и хозяйственных признаков. Для условий муссонного климата Дальнего Востока внедрена в производство система первичного и сортового семеноводства редьки с использованием пересадочной и беспересадочной технологии выращивания. Результаты работы открывают дорогу к созданию новых высокоурожайных российских сортов и гибридов редечных культур.Expansion of the range of consumption of vegetable crops is one of the main tasks in the breeding and seed work with regions cultures in the Far East. The article presents data on the breeding radishes cultures (loba, daikon, radish, etc.) on the Maritime vegetable experiment station. As a result of years of research and implementation of a number of research programs has created a new source material for breeding. In this paper also summarize the current trends in the selection of radishes cultures in conditions of monsoonal climate. Breeding and seed research in the climate conditions of the Far East with the use of individual and individual and family methods of selection, development and implementation of technological methods of primary and varietal seed production ensured the development of advanced breeding material. Allocated valuable genitocracy to create new varieties of Chinese, Japanese and European subspecies of radishes cultures with high immunological, productive and commercial qualities, elevated biochemical parameters, high resistance to waterlogging and soil pathogens. Created and included in the state register of the Russian Federation high-yielding varieties of Chinese subspecies of radish (loba) a Crimson ball and the Golden horn, the European subspecies winter radish Night beauty, resistant to waterlogging of the soil and bolting and bacterial diseases. As a result of more than twenty years studied the morphological and biological peculiarities of formation of seed plants of radishes, the use of effective elements of selection in combination with agrotechnical methods of cultivation. Improved technological methods of primary and commercial seed radishes allocated to favorable agro-climatic zones of cultivation of seed plants, which would produce high-quality seeds while preserving their high biological and economic characteristics. For the conditions of monsoon climate of the Far East implemented in the production system of primary and varietal seed radishes using transit and non-stop growing technologies. The results of this work open the way to the creation of new high-yielding Russian varieties and hybrids of radishes cultures.

Оригинальное семеноводство овощных корнеплодных культур в Московской области

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
A  Khovrin ◽  
M  Ibragimbekov ◽  
R  Bagrov
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Moscow Region ◽  
Seed Plants ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Root Crops ◽  
Seed Growing ◽  
In Cells

Даны результаты оригинального первичного семеноводства корнеплодных культур в изоляторах в селекционно-семеноводческом центре агрохолдинга «Поиск» (Раменский район Московской области). Описаны технологические особенности процесса семеноводства, представлен видовой состав болезней и вредителей семенных растений в условиях исследований.The results of the original primary seed growing of root crops in cells at breeding and seed production centre of Poisk Agro Holding (Ramensky district, Moscow region) are given. Technological peculiarities of the process of seed production, species composition of pests and diseases of seed plants in terms of research are presented.

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