Studies on the Growth and Development and Morphine Content of Opium Poppy

1955 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward S. Mika
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Morphine Content

Estimation of genetic variance and allied parameters through biparental mating in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
RK Srivastava ◽  
JR Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Hybrid Breeding ◽  
Additive Variance ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Partial Dominance ◽  
Land Race ◽  
F2 Population ◽  
Biparental Mating ◽  
Morphine Content ◽  
Latex Yield

Genetic variances and allied genetic parameters were estimated for eight economic traits through biparental mating designs in two populations: (i) a local land race, and (ii) a segregating F2 population of Indian opium poppy. Estimates of additive variance were larger than the dominance variances (o2A > o2D) or environmental variance (+-R > n�2) for the majority of the eight traits examined. Narrow sense heritability (h2NS) estimates were high (60-89%) for five traits, moderate (28.3%) for peduncle length and low (< 13%) for capsule index and morphine content in the local land race, and high (57-93%) for all the eight characters in the F2 population. Average degree of dominance in the local population leaned heavily towards overdominance (G > 1 .O) for six charcters (four in negative and two in positive directions) and towards partial dominance (G < 1.0) for the remaining two traits: latex yield and flowering time (both in negative direction). Accordingly, combination breeding for latex yield and flowering duration, (F1) hybrid breeding for seed yield, morphine content and capsule number and/or population breeding for other traits, were suggested for rapid genetic improvement of opium poppy.

Assessment of genotype × environment interactions for yield and morphine content in opium poppy ( Papaver somniferum L.)

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-338
Author(s):  
H. Yadav ◽  
S. Shukla ◽  
S. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Spearman’S Rank Correlation ◽  
Commercial Cultivation ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Morphine Content

The analysis of the genotype × environmental interaction, which indicates the stability of genotypes, has always been part of plant breeding programmes before the release of varieties for commercial cultivation. In the present investigation the stability of seed yield, opium yield and morphine content in 11 advanced breeding lines of opium poppy was evaluated over five years. Combined ANOVA showed that both the main effects and interactions were significant, indicating the presence of genotype × environment interactions. The average seed yield and opium yield ranged from 10.41–16.92 q/ha and 45.21–59.85 kg/ha, respectively. Stability analysis involving the parameters bi, S 2 di, λi, s 2 , δ 2 , Wi, r 2 and CV identified four genotypes (BR330, BR333, BR229 and BR243) as ideal and stable for the traits studied. The level of association among different parameters obtained using Spearman’s rank correlation showed that Eberhart and Russell’s deviation from regression (S 2 di) was significantly and positively associated with s 2 , λi, δ 2 i and CV and negatively with r 2 . The parameters λi, s 2 , δ 2 i and CV also showed positive mutual association.

Effect of sowing date, population density and row spacing on growth and yield of opium poppy in north central subtropical India

1983 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Yadav ◽  
R. Mohan ◽  
R. Singh ◽  
M. M. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Area Index ◽  
North Central ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Capsule Size ◽  
Morphine Content

SUMMARYOpium poppy (Papaver somniferum Linn.) was sown at three sowing dates (10, 25 November, 10 December), row spacings (15, 30, 45 cm) and population densities (6 × 105, 3 × 105, 1·5 × 105 plants/ha) in a split-plot design at Lucknow. Sowing on 10 November resulted in higher yields of opium, seed, total dry matter and morphine content. Delayed sowing, higher plant density and narrow spacing produced low yields with less morphine content. Decline in opium yield was associated with decrease in plant height, leaf area index, capsule size and number of capsules per plant. The crop sown on 10 November removed most N. N concentration and uptake also increased when the number of plants per unit area was decreased. The study suggests that to achieve maximum yields poppy should be sown in rows 30 cm apart on 10 November with 3 × 105 plants/ha.

scholarly journals Efficacy of weed control for opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) with a mixture of tembotrione and fluroxypyr

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-156
Author(s):  
Marek Wójtowicz ◽  
Andrzej Wójtowicz ◽  
Franciszek Wielebski
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Lower Content ◽  
Lower Yield ◽  
Unfavourable Weather ◽  
Agronomic Conditions ◽  
Morphine Content

Abstract The study was carried out in the years 2013 and 2014 at the Łagiewniki farm to determine the effect of some herbicides on the yield and development of two opium poppy cultivars: ‘Lazur’ - with high morphine content, and ‘Borowski Biały’ - with low morphine content. The development and yield of the poppy was a derivative of environmental and agronomic conditions. The mixture of tembotrione and fluroxypyr applied post-emergence at a rate of 88 and 75 g a.i. · ha−1, respectively, effectively controlled most weeds which are harmful for the poppy and did not phytotoxically affect opium poppy plants. The level of yield also depended on the cultivar’s ability to grow under unfavourable weather conditions. A lower yield was noted for the cultivar with a lower content of morphine - ‘Borowski Biały’.

scholarly journals Alkaloid diversity in relation to breeding for specifi c alkaloids in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)

2010 ◽  
Vol 46 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 164-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Shukla ◽  
H.K. Yadav ◽  
A. Rastogi ◽  
B.K. Mishra ◽  
S.P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Large Space ◽  
Indian Origin ◽  
Variation Range ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Morphine Content

Papaver somniferum is a chief source of diverse physiologically active alkaloids, required by the pharmaceutical industry. The present study describes the diversity of the alkaloid spectrum of 122 opium poppy accessions of Indian origin by means of a cluster analysis based on Mahalanobis generalised distances. The accessions could be grouped into 11 clusters according to their relationship between the contents of morphine, codeine, thebaine, narcotine and papaverine in raw opium. The diversity of the alkaloid spectrum of 11 clusters reflected the very low correlations between the contents of the individual alkaloids across the 122 entries, found earlier. The clusters represented almost all possible combinations of the high content of an alkaloid with high or low content of another alkaloid. Although on average the morphine content exceeds the sum of the other four alkaloids, in one cluster the narcotine content (15.3%) was even higher than that of morphine (14.6%) and the content of the remaining alkaloids was also extremely high. The variation range among the clusters was for papaverine between 0.14% to 5.3%, while for morphine between 12.4% to 18.0%. The results indicate a large space for the breeding of opium poppy for individual alkaloids or particular combinations of alkaloids, as required by pharmaceutical industries.

scholarly journals Hybrid Vigor for Alkaloid Contents in Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Yazici ◽  
G. Yilmaz
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Hybrid Vigor ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Positive Heterosis ◽  
Alkaloid Contents ◽  
Morphine Content

This study aimed to determine suitable opium poppy hybrids over mid parent, better parent and standart check levels in alkaloid ratios. In the study, 36 hybrids were evaluated derived from nine varieties. The experiment was carried out in four replications in randomized block design in 2016 and 2017. Heterosis over mid parent values ranged from -4.91% to 65.43% for morphine, -76.91% to 278.05% for thebaine, -68.97% to 180.91% for noscapine, -53.60% to 150.45% for codeine, -93.55% to 289.61% for oripavine and -78.69% to 285.94% for papaverine. In the result study of 34 crosses recorded positive heterosis over mid parent for morphine content followed by 24 for thebaine, 23 for noscapine, 26 for codeine, 22 for oripavine and 15 for papaverine.

An ultrastructural study of vegetative incompatibility in plants

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 436-437
Author(s):  
Randy Moore
Keyword(s):  
Ultrastructural Study ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Solanum Pennellii ◽  
Initial Product ◽  
Basic Aspect ◽  
Tissue Interactions ◽  
Graft Interface ◽  
Antigen Antibody ◽  
Standard Fixation

Cell and tissue interactions are a basic aspect of eukaryotic growth and development. While cell-to-cell interactions involving recognition and incompatibility have been studied extensively in animals, there is no known antigen-antibody reaction in plants and the recognition mechanisms operating in plant grafts have been virtually neglected.An ultrastructural study of the Sedum telephoides/Solanum pennellii graft was undertaken to define possible mechanisms of plant graft incompatibility. Grafts were surgically dissected from greenhouse grown plants at various times over 1-4 weeks and prepared for EM employing variations in the standard fixation and embedding procedure. Stock and scion adhere within 6 days after grafting. Following progressive cell senescence in both Sedum and Solanum, the graft interface appears as a band of 8-11 crushed cells after 2 weeks (Fig. 1, I). Trapped between the buckled cell walls are densely staining cytoplasmic remnants and residual starch grains, an initial product of wound reactions in plants.

Identification of calcium oxalate crystals in dried or fixed tobacco leaf

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 288-289
Author(s):  
Vicki L. Baliga ◽  
Mary Ellen Counts
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Calcium is an important element in the growth and development of plants and one form of calcium is calcium oxalate. Calcium oxalate has been found in leaf seed, stem material plant tissue culture, fungi and lichen using one or more of the following methods—polarized light microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction.Two methods are presented here for qualitatively estimating calcium oxalate in dried or fixed tobacco (Nicotiana) leaf from different stalk positions using PLM. SEM, coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS), and powder x-ray diffraction were used to verify that the crystals observed in the dried leaf with PLM were calcium oxalate.

SEM study of the morphological effects of kinetin and zeatin on the growth and development of the apical meristem in wheat

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 978-979
Author(s):  
G. M. Hutchins ◽  
J. S. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Furfuryl Alcohol ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Chinese Spring Wheat ◽  
Sem Study ◽  
Moist Environment

Cytokinins are plant hormones that play a large and incompletely understood role in the life-cycle of plants. The goal of this study was to determine what roles cytokinins play in the morphological development of wheat. To achieve any real success in altering the development and growth of wheat, the cytokinins must be applied directly to the apical meristem, or spike of the plant. It is in this region that the plant cells are actively undergoing mitosis. Kinetin and Zeatin were the two cytokinins chosen for this experiment. Kinetin is an artificial hormone that was originally extracted from old or heated DNA. Kinetin is easily made from the reaction of adenine and furfuryl alcohol. Zeatin is a naturally occurring hormone found in corn, wheat, and many other plants.Chinese Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was used for this experiment. Prior to planting, the seeds were germinated in a moist environment for 72 hours.

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