Radial Temperature Profiles of 11 Clusters of Galaxies Observed withBEPPOSAX

2000 ◽  
Vol 538 (2) ◽  
pp. 543-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimmy A. Irwin ◽  
Joel N. Bregman
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Profiles ◽  
Clusters Of Galaxies ◽  
Radial Temperature

scholarly journals Radial Temperature Profiles of X‐Ray–emitting Gas within Clusters of Galaxies

1999 ◽  
Vol 519 (2) ◽  
pp. 518-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimmy A. Irwin ◽  
Joel N. Bregman ◽  
August E. Evrard
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Profiles ◽  
Clusters Of Galaxies ◽  
Radial Temperature ◽  
X Ray

Simultaneous Measurements of Droplet Size, Temperature, and Velocity Using an Integrated Phase-Doppler/Rainbow Thermometer

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt O’ Donnell ◽  
Sumanta Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Temperature Profiles ◽  
Droplet Temperature ◽  
Radial Temperature ◽  
Temperature Correlation ◽  
Simultaneous Measurements ◽  
Laser Diagnostic ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Performance

Abstract This work summarizes efforts to determine the accuracy and performance characteristics of a new and novel laser diagnostic to measure instantaneous, in flight, droplet temperatures. The instrument uses the location of the rainbow peak to deduce the refractive index of the droplet, which in turn is related to the droplet temperature. Preliminary experiments were undertaken in order to understand the fundamental operating principles and limitations of the instrument. These experiments measured the temperature of an isothermal, single stream of monodisperse droplets. These measurements indicate that the mean refractive index can be measured with a standard deviation as low as 0.0001m. Once the operation of the refractometer was proved under isothermal conditions, the measurement of droplet temperatures in a swirl-stabilized combustor was performed. These measurements indicate that the strength of the rainbow signal is significantly hampered by the noise induced by the flame. Preliminary temperature measurements with the combustor equipped with 45° vanes showed relatively constant radial temperature profiles (∼55–60°C) at locations less than 2 inches from the nozzle exit. A detailed examination of the temperature correlation with velocity and diameter revealed that larger and faster moving droplets dominate the distributions. Thus, the smaller droplets that are suspected of having the highest temperatures are inadequately represented in the mean droplet temperature.

Angular and radial temperature profiles in the thermal decomposition of wood

1992 ◽  
Vol 200 ◽  
pp. 401-411
Author(s):  
Rafael Bilbao ◽  
María Benita Murillo ◽  
Angela Millera
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Temperature Profiles ◽  
Radial Temperature

Temperature Profiles of Nearby Clusters of Galaxies

2002 ◽  
Vol 567 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina De Grandi ◽  
Silvano Molendi
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Profiles ◽  
Clusters Of Galaxies

scholarly journals Effect of radial temperature profiles on yields in steam cracking

AIChE Journal ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Van Geem ◽  
G. J. Heynderickx ◽  
G. B. Marin
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Profiles ◽  
Radial Temperature ◽  
Steam Cracking

scholarly journals Development of A Mechanical Setup With Sensors to Determine Interfacial Phenomena Between Supersonic Steam Jet and Water

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afrasyab Khan ◽  
Khairuddin Sanaullah ◽  
Spiridonov Evgeny Konstantinovich ◽  
Darya Khabarova Fedorovna ◽  
Andrew Ragai Henry Rigit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Vessel Wall ◽  
Supersonic Nozzle ◽  
Temperature Sensors ◽  
Interfacial Phenomena ◽  
Temperature Profiles ◽  
Surrounding Water ◽  
Radial Temperature ◽  
First Time

Abstract A specially configured mechanical setup with sensors which was designed to record minimal and increased fluctuations in temperature as evidence of Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instabilities by means of LM35 sensors and data acquisition. The generation and spread of KH instabilities in steam and water was accomplished first time by following temperature profiles around the steam’s jet interface with the surrounding water. The supersonic steam was driven into the water in a vessel by means of a specially designed supersonic nozzle at pressure changing from 1.5 to 3.0 bars. Whereas, the temperature of the water in the cylindrical column varied from 30 o C to 60 o C with a change of 5 o C each time when the measurements were performed. The acquisition setup was able to record temperatures across the steam jet in the vessel at a rate of 1 ms, and it could also provide the temperature readings within the vessel. Axial and radial temperature profiles being obtained from 6 temperature sensors positioned along the steam jet, revealed the instabilities being occurred across the interface among the steam and the water, the instabilities spread along the axis towards the vessel wall. However, these instabilities were influenced considerably due to the variation in water temperature in the column, along with change in steam’s pressure. Also, instabilities were affected as well due to the change in viscosity of water owing to change in its temperature.

scholarly journals X-Rays from Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies: Observations and Phenomenology

1987 ◽  
Vol 117 ◽  
pp. 165-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Canizares
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Temperature Profiles ◽  
Clusters Of Galaxies ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Early Type ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cluster Galaxies ◽  
Cooling Flows ◽  
Hot Gas ◽  
Relevant Work

X-Ray observations of galaxies and clusters can, in principle, trace the binding mass in these systems. I review some of the relevant work. The mass of hot gas in rich clusters is comparable to or exceeds the mass in visible stars. This proportion of gas to stellar material could be universal, although there is no direct evidence that it must be. Studies of the distribution of the gas indicate the presence of dark matter in the envelopes of some dominant cluster galaxies, most notably M87. The M/LB values increase with radius to values of ∼ 400–600 M⊙/L⊙. Uncertainties in the temperature distribution of the gas have hampered these analyses and have made it difficult to draw definitive conclusions about the binding mass in clusters. Recent work on Coma suggests that M/L is falling with radius and the total M/L for the cluster may be as low as ∼ 120. Studies of early type galaxies show that many contain hot gas with temperatures ∼107 K. There is evidence for the existence of cooling flows, and gravity rather than supernovae may be the dominant source of energy that heats the gas. The deduced binding masses for several bright galaxies are uncertain because of the unknown temperature profiles. Values of M/LB ≃ 20–30 within ∼ 30–40 kpc are indicated if one assumes isothermality, but values as low as 5 and as high as 100 are allowed. With better models one may be able to reduce these uncertainties.

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