Authoritarianism and the Individual. Harold W. Metz , Charles A. H. ThompsonThe Authoritarian Personality. T. W. Adorno , Else Frenkel-Brunswik , Daniel J. Levinson , R. Nevitt Sanford

Ethics ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-80
Author(s):  
Franz Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Authoritarian Personality ◽  
The Individual

The interrelation between vulnerability to fascism and empathy channels in students

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
Alexsandr A. Smirnov ◽  
Elizaveta Valerievna Solovyeva
Keyword(s):  
External Environment ◽  
Positive Relationships ◽  
Authoritarian Personality ◽  
Crisis Situation ◽  
Democratic Ideology ◽  
Way Of Knowing ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

In the course of formation, a society can regress to earlier stages of its development. Even solved problems can become topical again. In a crisis situation, there is a danger of an increase in the number of people confirmed by the anti-democratic ideology (fascism). That is why it is important to investigate the structure of the authoritarian personality and what contributes to its development. Empathy as a way of knowing other people is considered the best means of humanizing the individual and forming understanding. When considering the relationship, this hypothesis was refuted. The interaction of vulnerability to anti-democratic ideology and empathy is ambiguous. In this study, it was found that the channels of empathy make a destructive contribution to the structure of the personality. Positive relationships between the components of fascisation and the parameters of empathy aimed at collecting information from the external environment are established. In line with the systematic and acmeological approaches, it was revealed that the irrational channels of empathy: intuitive and emotional-contribute to the growth of Superstition and stereotypy, the Complex of Power and Projectivity. Basic in the interrelated components of fascisation and empathy channels is the irrationality and complexity of explication (deployment), explanation, verification of information. Thus, the heterogeneous and destabilising contribution of empathy to the structure of personality is shown.

scholarly journals Formation of authoritarian personality within the framework of educational models involving soviet and post-soviet philosophical and ideological specifics

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-55
Author(s):  
Dmitry B. Romanov ◽  
◽  
Kira G. Serdakova ◽  
Olga V. Smirnikova ◽  
Ilya I. Khersonsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Educational Models ◽  
Authoritarian Personality ◽  
Right Wing Authoritarianism ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Specificity Of Learning

Introduction. The study of authoritarian personality formation factors is becoming increasingly important in connection with the need to assess the efficacy of democratisation and humanisation of the socio-cultural environment. Despite the fact that the dominant trend in modern education is the striving to maximise the resource domain for due realisation of the individual, the authoritarian type of management is quite frequent, continuing to develop in many spheres of social relations. Materials and methods. The authors, in the course of the empirical research, explore the authoritarian personality potential in respondents representing different learning models, by measuring pronouncement of traits characteristic of the authoritarian syndrome, assessing the disposition towards choosing the authoritarian regime as a way to get protected against danger, along with the levels of manifestation of three types of authoritarianism: interpersonal, organisational and socio-political. The designated parametric characteristics are surveyed in respondents with the use of a set of standardised valid diagnostic methods: T. Adorno’s questionnaire “The Authoritarian Personality (F-scale)” (adapted by Denisova); Altemeyer’s questionnaire “Right-Wing Authoritarianism” (RWA) (adapted by Dyakonova); Dakkit’s questionnaire “Faith in a Dangerous World” (adapted by Gulevich, Anikeenok, Bezmenova); Bayazitov’s and Alishev’s questionnaire “The Authoritarian Stereotype”. Results. Following the comparative analysis of the empirical data obtained in the course of the study, a connection was established between the extent of individual’s authoritativeness and the specificity of learning models. It was found out during the analysis of the obtained data, that the level of right-wing authoritarianism measured according to Altemeyer’s method was higher in the elder learners group than in the younger group (the younger group – 15.24 points, the older group – 19.12 points). The level of authoritarianism in the group of older respondents turned out to be statistically much higher according to the consolidated figures under the “Authoritarian stereotype” methodology by Bayazitov and Alishev (the younger group – 4.10 points, the elder group – 4.55 points). Conclusions. The philosophical and ideological platform of educational models influences the process of formation of the authoritarian personality. The influence of the philosophical and ideological platform on the personality may be corrected only through extension of individual resources for comprehending the global sociocultural situation and one’s place in it. The progress in this domain may be facilitated by increasing the credibility of fundamental disciplines, philosophy in the first place, and by the introduction of psychological competence courses in schools for schoolchildren, their parents and teaching staff.

scholarly journals Sobre caráter e personalidade: as antropologias de Fromm, Horkheimer e Adorno nos anos 1930 e 1940 [On character and personality: Anthropologies by Fromm, Horkheimer and Adorno in the 30's and 40's]

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (47) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Virginia Helena Ferreira da Costa
Keyword(s):  
Social Determinants ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Direct Influence ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Authoritarian Personality ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Individual

O artigo pretende comparar noções de caráter e personalidade presentes em textos de Fromm, Horkheimer e Adorno de 1930 e 1940. A comparação tem como norte o delineamento de diferentes concepções de antropologia baseadas em duas leituras da teoria freudiana. De um lado, temos a teoria da falência da família como mediadora entre indivíduo e sociedade, formando um caráter “coeso” e socialmente adaptado por influência direta de instituições sociais. Neste âmbito, é enfatizada a teoria freudiana do desenvolvimento das fases sexuais individuais e a denúncia de Freud enquanto um “idealista” por não levar em consideração as determinações sociais. De outro lado, vemos uma antropologia mediada pela mercadoria, levando a uma centralidade crítica da reificação como denúncia de contradições sociais que são refletidas em conflitos psíquicos, formando uma personalidade também contraditória. Em relação a Freud, esta última antropologia enfatiza o inconsciente, pulsões e sexualidade, além da assunção de aspectos mais “pessimistas” de sua psicanálise. Para tanto, utilizamos, dentre outros, os Studien über Autorität und Familie e The Authoritarian Personality.[The article intends to compare the notions of character and personality on Fromm, Horkheimer and Adorno’s texts from 30’s and 40’s. The comparison is guided by the design of different conceptions of Anthropology based on two Freudian readings. On one side, we have the theory of the ruin of the family as a mediator between individual and society, forming a “cohesive” and socially adapted character by direct influence of social institutions. In this scope, Freud's theory of the development of the individual sexual phases is emphasized, as well as the denunciation that makes Freud an "idealist" for not taking social determinants into account. In contrast, one can formulate an Anthropology mediated by the commodity, leading to a critical centrality of reification as denunciation of social contradictions that are reflected in psychic conflicts, forming a personality also contradictory. In relation to Freud, the latter Anthropology emphasizes the unconscious, drives and sexuality, as well as the assumption of Freud’s more “pessimistic” aspects. Therefore, we use, among others, the Studien über Autorität und Familie and The Authoritarian Personality.] 

Personality

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
George R. Mastroianni
Keyword(s):  
Third Reich ◽  
Psychological Disorder ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
German Population ◽  
Authoritarian Personality ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
The Individual

Chapter 5 considers the role of personality in the Holocaust. The idea that psychopathology or insanity characterized the individual leaders of the Third Reich or the German population was simply not supported by the evidence. Perhaps these leaders, or even the German population as a whole, were not characterized by a psychological disorder but were nevertheless different from other people in some important way. The authoritarian personality, a construct derived from Freudian thought, was suggested as a possible explanation. German child-rearing practices were implicated in the production of this personality, which was thought to be related to perpetrator behavior. Defining and measuring the authoritarian personality has posed some challenges, and researchers have not convincingly tied authoritarian traits to perpetrator behavior. The concept of “national character,” a kind of societal-level personality, has similarly been difficult to define and connect to perpetrator behavior. Personality approaches have also been applied to the study of rescuers.

The Ultrastructure of Monkey Gingival Epithelium

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 16-17
Author(s):  
C.N. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Macaca Nemestrina ◽  
Stratum Granulosum ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Gingival Epithelial Cells ◽  
Stratum Spinosum ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Gingival Epithelium ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Thickness

The present study demonstrates the ultrastructure of the gingival epithelium of the pig tail monkey (Macaca nemestrina). Specimens were taken from lingual and facial gingival surfaces and fixed in Dalton's chrome osmium solution (pH 7.6) for 1 hr, dehydrated, and then embedded in Epon 812.Tonofibrils are variable in number and structure according to the different region or location of the gingival epithelial cells, the main orientation of which is parallel to the long axis of the cells. The cytoplasm of the basal epithelial cells contains a great number of tonofilaments and numerous mitochondria. The basement membrane is 300 to 400 A thick. In the cells of stratum spinosum, the tonofibrils are densely packed and increased in number (fig. 1 and 3). They seem to take on a somewhat concentric arrangement around the nucleus. The filaments may occur scattered as thin fibrils in the cytoplasm or they may be arranged in bundles of different thickness. The filaments have a diameter about 50 A. In the stratum granulosum, the cells gradually become flatted, the tonofibrils are usually thin, and the individual tonofilaments are clearly distinguishable (fig. 2). The mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are seldom seen in these superficial cell layers.

A Study of the Ultrastructure of Visual Cell Outer Segment Membranes, Using a Water-Miscible Embedding Medium and Differential Staining

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 50-51
Author(s):  
Anthony J. Godfrey
Keyword(s):  
Outer Segment ◽  
Protein Denaturation ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Differential Staining ◽  
Visual Cell ◽  
Lead Citrate ◽  
Chick Retina ◽  
Dark Staining ◽  
Embedding Medium ◽  
The Individual

Aldehyde-fixed chick retina was embedded in a water-containing resin of glutaraldehyde and urea, without dehydration. The loss of lipids and other soluble tissue components, which is severe in routine methods involving dehydration, was thereby minimized. Osmium tetroxide post-fixation was not used, lessening the amount of protein denaturation which occurred. Ultrathin sections were stained with 1, uranyl acetate and lead citrate, 2, silicotungstic acid, or 3, osmium vapor, prior to electron microscope examination of visual cell outer segment ultrastructure, at magnifications up to 800,000.Sections stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate (Fig. 1) showed that the individual disc membranes consisted of a central lipid core about 78Å thick in which dark-staining 40Å masses appeared to be embedded from either side.

The Red Neuronal Pigment in the Nervous System of the Mussel, Mytilus Edulis: Localization and Its Effect on Lateral Ciliary Activity with Spectral and Analytical Changes

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 494-495
Author(s):  
Anthony A. Paparo ◽  
Judith A. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Intracellular Organelles ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Cryostat Sections

The purpose of this study was to localize the red neuronal pigment in Mytilus edulis and examine its role in the control of lateral ciliary activity in the gill. The visceral ganglia (Vg) in the central nervous system show an over al red pigmentation. Most red pigments examined in squash preps and cryostat sec tions were localized in the neuronal cell bodies and proximal axon regions. Unstained cryostat sections showed highly localized patches of this pigment scattered throughout the cells in the form of dense granular masses about 5-7 um in diameter, with the individual granules ranging from 0.6-1.3 um in diame ter. Tissue stained with Gomori's method for Fe showed bright blue granular masses of about the same size and structure as previously seen in unstained cryostat sections.Thick section microanalysis (Fig.l) confirmed both the localization and presence of Fe in the nerve cell. These nerve cells of the Vg share with other pigmented photosensitive cells the common cytostructural feature of localization of absorbing molecules in intracellular organelles where they are tightly ordered in fine substructures.

Some Effects of Oxidant Air Pollutants (Ozone and Peroxyacetyl Nitrate) on the Ultrastructure of Leaf Tissues

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 360-361
Author(s):  
William W. Thomson ◽  
Elizabeth S. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Peroxyacetyl Nitrate ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Growth Physiology ◽  
Physiology And Biochemistry ◽  
Entire Plant ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Gaseous Hydrocarbons ◽  
The Individual

The oxidant air pollutants, ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate, are produced in the atmosphere through the interaction of light with nitrogen oxides and gaseous hydrocarbons. These oxidants are phytotoxicants and are known to deleteriously affect plant growth, physiology, and biochemistry. In many instances they induce changes which lead to the death of cells, tissues, organs, and frequently the entire plant. The most obvious damage and biochemical changes are generally observed with leaves.Electron microscopic examination of leaves from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and cotton (Gossipyum hirsutum L.) fumigated for .5 to 2 hours with 0.3 -1 ppm of the individual oxidants revealed that changes in the ultrastructure of the cells occurred in a sequential fashion with time following the fumigation period. Although occasional cells showed severe damage immediately after fumigation, the most obvious change was an enhanced clarity of the cell membranes.

Algorithms for automated montage synthesis of images from laser-scanning confocal microscopes

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 650-651
Author(s):  
D. E. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Computational Synthesis ◽  
Automated Cell Counting ◽  
Partial View ◽  
The Individual

An efficient, robust, and widely-applicable technique is presented for computational synthesis of high-resolution, wide-area images of a specimen from a series of overlapping partial views. This technique can also be used to combine the results of various forms of image analysis, such as segmentation, automated cell counting, deblurring, and neuron tracing, to generate representations that are equivalent to processing the large wide-area image, rather than the individual partial views. This can be a first step towards quantitation of the higher-level tissue architecture. The computational approach overcomes mechanical limitations, such as hysterisis and backlash, of microscope stages. It also automates a procedure that is currently done manually. One application is the high-resolution visualization and/or quantitation of large batches of specimens that are much wider than the field of view of the microscope.The automated montage synthesis begins by computing a concise set of landmark points for each partial view. The type of landmarks used can vary greatly depending on the images of interest. In many cases, image analysis performed on each data set can provide useful landmarks. Even when no such “natural” landmarks are available, image processing can often provide useful landmarks.

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