Solar Electron Beams Detected in Hard X-Rays and Radio Waves

1995 ◽  
Vol 455 ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus J. Aschwanden ◽  
Arnold O. Benz ◽  
Brian R. Dennis ◽  
Richard A. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beams ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Radio Waves

HEALTH HAZARDS FROM MOBILE TOWER: A REVIEW

2021 ◽  
pp. 78-79
Author(s):  
Avni KP Skandhan ◽  
Skandhan KP ◽  
Prasad BS
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Visible Light ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Health Hazards ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
Fm Radio ◽  
Smart Tv

Our knowledge on X-rays, gamma rays and ultraviolet radiation is ionising . Non-ionising gadget radiation is from Mobile Phone, Laptop, Tablet Smart TV etc. and harmful radiations is from mobile towers . FM radio waves, Microwaves, Visible light are also other forms of non-ionizing radiation.

On the Primary X-Ray Analyzer

1965 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 508-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shizuo Kimoto ◽  
Masayuki Sato ◽  
Hitoshi Kamada ◽  
Takuzi Ui
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beams ◽  
Spectrochemical Analysis ◽  
Specimen Surface ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Light Elements ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Very High

AbstractThe primary X-ray analyzer is used for nondestructive spectrochemical analysis of solid specimens. Accelerated electron beams bombard the specimen surface directly and generate primary X-rays which are measured in a vacuum spectrometer. The method of primary X-ray spectroscopy is superior to the fluorescence X-ray spectroscopy because (1) detectable sensitivity for such light elements as magnesium and aluminum is very high, and (2) the correction of the measured value for self-absorption of X-rays by the specimen itself is low. The performance of the instrument and applications are reported.

Effect of Irradiation, Packaging, and Postirradiation Cooking on the Thiamin Content of Chicken Meat

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 1303-1307 ◽  
Author(s):  
SABINE VAN CALENBERG ◽  
BEN PHILIPS ◽  
WIM MONDELAERS ◽  
OSWALD VAN CLEEMPUT ◽  
ANDRE HUYGHEBAERT
Keyword(s):  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Electron Beams ◽  
Vacuum Packaging ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Chicken Breast ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Breast Meat ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Chicken Breast Meat

The effect of irradiation with X rays or electrons, irradiation and storage temperature, and postirradiation cooking on the thiamin content of vacuum- or air-packaged minced chicken meat was examined. Samples irradiated with 3-kGy X rays (50 Gy/min) or electrons (5 kGy/min) contained less thiamin than the control specimens, but no differences between both irradiation methods were detected. The thiamin content in samples stored and/or irradiated at 5°C was between 13 and 24 μg per 100-g product lower than in samples stored and/or ionized at −18°C. The same difference in thiamin content was found for specimens packaged in a vacuum or air package, respectively. Vacuum packaging lead to a greater loss of drip than air-packaged samples. The biggest loss of thiamin, 31.1 and 28.0% for X rays and electron beams, respectively, was measured for vacuum-packaged specimens stored and irradiated at 5°C. Compared with the cooked minced chicken breast meat, a higher thiamin content (6 to 17 μgof thiamin per 100-g product) was obtained for the raw samples. When irradiation and vacuum packaging were compared as two separate preservation techniques, the two methods had approximately the same effect on the thiamin content of the minced chicken meat. The mean temperature of the samples after cooking was 87.2 ± 4.9°C. However, significant differences in internal temperature after cooking of the samples were measured between air- and vacuum-packaged samples.

scholarly journals Perspectives towards Sub-Ångström Working Regime of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser with Low-Emittance Electron Beams

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 10768
Author(s):  
Ye Chen ◽  
Frank Brinker ◽  
Winfried Decking ◽  
Matthias Scholz ◽  
Lutz Winkelmann
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Photon Energy ◽  
Free Electron ◽  
Free Electron Laser ◽  
Electron Beams ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Energetic Electron ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Low Emittance

Sub-ångström working regime refers to a working state of free-electron lasers which allows the generation of hard X-rays at a photon wavelength of 1 ångström and below, that is, a photon energy of 12.5 keV and above. It is demonstrated that the accelerators of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser can provide highly energetic electron beams of up to 17.5 GeV. Along with long variable-gap undulators, the facility offers superior conditions for exploring self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) in the sub-ångström regime. However, the overall FEL performance relies quantitatively on achievable electron beam qualities through a kilometers-long accelerator beamline. Low-emittance electron beam production and the associated start-to-end beam physics thus becomes a prerequisite to dig in the potentials of SASE performance towards higher photon energies. In this article, we present the obtained results on electron beam qualities produced with different accelerating gradients of 40 MV/m–56 MV/m at the cathode, as well as the final beam qualities in front of the undulators via start-to-end simulations considering realistic conditions. SASE studies in the sub-ångström regime, using optimized electron beams, are carried out at varied energy levels according to the present state of the facility, that is, a pulsed mode operating with a 10 Hz-repetition 0.65 ms-long bunch train energized to 14 GeV and 17.5 GeV. Millijoule-level SASE intensity is obtained at a photon energy of 25 keV at 14 GeV electron beam energy using a gain length of about 7 m. At 17.5 GeV, half-millijoule lasing is achieved at 40 keV. Lasing at up to 50 keV is demonstrated with pulse energies in the range of a few hundreds and tens of microjoules with existing undulators and currently achievable electron beam qualities.

scholarly journals Measurements of fast electron beams and soft X-ray emission from plasma-focus experiments

Nukleonika ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Władysław Surała ◽  
Marek J. Sadowski ◽  
Roch Kwiatkowski ◽  
Lech Jakubowski ◽  
Jarosław Żebrowski
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Focus ◽  
Fast Electron ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Electron Beams ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Neutron Counter ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Strong Electron ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
X Ray

Abstract The paper reports results of the recent experimental studies of pulsed electron beams and soft X-rays in plasma-focus (PF) experiments carried out within a modified PF-360U facility at the NCBJ, Poland. Particular attention was focused on time-resolved measurements of the fast electron beams by means of two different magnetic analyzers, which could record electrons of energy ranging from about 41 keV to about 715 keV in several (6 or 8) measuring channels. For discharges performed with the pure deuterium filling, many strong electron signals were recorded in all the measuring channels. Those signals were well correlated with the first hard X-ray pulse detected by an external scintillation neutron-counter. In some of the analyzer channels, electron spikes (lasting about dozens of nanoseconds) and appearing in different instants after the current peculiarity (so-called current dip) were also recorded. For several discharges, fast ion beams, which were emitted along the z-axis and recorded with nuclear track detectors, were also investigated. Those measurements confirmed a multibeam character of the ion emission. The time-integrated soft X-ray images, which were taken side-on by means of a pinhole camera and sensitive X-ray films, showed the appearance of some filamentary structures and so-called hot spots. The application of small amounts of admixtures of different heavy noble gases, i.e. of argon (4.8% volumetric), krypton (1.6% volumetric), or xenon (0.8% volumetric), decreased intensity of the recorded electron beams, but increased intensity of the soft X-ray emission and showed more distinct and numerous hot spots. The recorded electron spikes have been explained as signals produced by quasi-mono-energetic microbeams emitted from tiny sources (probably plasma diodes), which can be formed near the observed hot spots.

scholarly journals Ground-Based Observations of PKS2155-304 in November 1991

1994 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 319-319
Author(s):  
A. Blecha ◽  
T. J.-L Courvoisier ◽  
H. D. Aller ◽  
M. F. Aller ◽  
P. Bouchet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Index ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Total Flux ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
Near Ir ◽  
Electro Magnetic ◽  
Constant Shape

We present ground-based data of the BL Lac object PKS 2155-305 obtained during a large international campaign spanning the electro–magnetic spectrum from the radio waves to X-rays in November 1991. For the complete description of the observations and data analysis we refer to the paper by Courvoisier et al. 1993, and references therein. The ground-based data include radio, infrared JHKL and UBVRI fluxes as well as optical and near IR polarimetry.The broad-band optical and near IR data from U to I exhibit the same behaviour in all bands: the flux nearly doubled over the well-covered period of 23 days. The cross-correlation function does not reveal any significant changes in the light-curves. Though significant variations in 24 hours have been recorded, the cumulated Fourier power spectrum drops to the noise level for periods shorter than 2.5 days. The spectral index remained constant.The polarised flux varied by a larger factor than the total flux and did not follow the same pattern. The degree of polarisation and polarisation angle are nearly independent of the wavelength and are strongly correlated in all filters.In the radio domain the spectral index increased from −0.1 on November 5 to +0.02 on 25-th.The absence of the lag between the optical and infrared bands and the polarisation variations are consistent with a model in which the variability is caused by micro-lensing of the source (Stickel, Fried and Kühr 1988). One would, however, expect in this model that the variation in the polarisation and the total flux are tightly correlated contrary to what is observed.The constant shape of the continuum spectral energy suggests that only the number of electrons whose emission is beamed towards the observer changes, rather than the arrival of fresh electrons that are being accelerated.The variability of the polarisation may be explained by changes in the geometry of the magnetic field (dominant direction). This is consistent with the observed variations of the polarisation angle.

Electron beams and radio waves of solar Type III bursts

1998 ◽  
Vol 103 (A8) ◽  
pp. 17223-17233 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A. Dulk ◽  
Yolande Leblanc ◽  
Peter A. Robinson ◽  
Jean-Louis Bougeret ◽  
Robert P. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beams ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Solar Type
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