The effect of sphericity on stellar continuous energy distributions.

1974 ◽  
Vol 189 ◽  
pp. 273 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. I. Castor
Keyword(s):  
Energy Distributions ◽  
Continuous Energy

scholarly journals Realistic dosimetry for studies on biological responses to X-rays and γ-rays

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 729-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrdad Shahmohammadi Beni ◽  
Dragana Krstic ◽  
Dragoslav Nikezic ◽  
Kwan Ngok Yu
Keyword(s):  
Ionization Chamber ◽  
Photoelectric Effect ◽  
Calibration Coefficient ◽  
Water Medium ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Energy Distributions ◽  
Continuous Energy ◽  
Biological Responses ◽  
Photon Dose ◽  
Γ Rays

ABSTRACT A calibration coefficient R (= DA/DE) for photons was employed to characterize the photon dose in radiobiological experiments, where DA was the actual dose delivered to cells and DE was the dose recorded by an ionization chamber. R was determined using the Monte Carlo N-Particle version 5 (MCNP-5) code. Photons with (i) discrete energies, and (ii) continuous-energy distributions under different beam conditioning were considered. The four studied monoenergetic photons had energies E = 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 2 MeV. Photons with E = 0.01 MeV gave R values significantly different from unity, while those with E > 0.1 MeV gave R ≈ 1. Moreover, R decreased monotonically with increasing thickness of water medium above the cells for E = 0.01, 1 or 2 MeV due to energy loss of photons in the medium. For E = 0.1 MeV, the monotonic pattern no longer existed due to the dose delivered to the cells by electrons created through the photoelectric effect close to the medium–cell boundary. The continuous-energy distributions from the X-Rad 320 Biological Irradiator (voltage = 150 kV) were also studied under three different beam conditions: (a) F0: no filter used, (b) F1: using a 2 mm-thick Al filter, and (c) F2: using a filter made of (1.5 mm Al + 0.25 mm Cu + 0.75 mm Sn), giving mean output photon energies of 47.4, 57.3 and 102 keV, respectively. R varied from ~1.04 to ~1.28 for F0, from ~1.13 to ~1.21 for F1, and was very close to unity for F2.

Studies of the Peculiar a Stars. V. Continuous Energy Distributions

1968 ◽  
Vol 151 ◽  
pp. 259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Jugaku ◽  
Wallace L. W. Sargent
Keyword(s):  
Energy Distributions ◽  
Continuous Energy

Scattering of Low-Energy (5-12 eV) C2D4•+ Ions from Room-Temperature Carbon Surfaces

2008 ◽  
Vol 73 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 755-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andriy Pysanenko ◽  
Ján Žabka ◽  
Zdeněk Herman
Keyword(s):  
Survival Probability ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Incident Angle ◽  
Pyrolytic Graphite ◽  
Carbon Surface ◽  
Translational Energy ◽  
Energy Distributions ◽  
Surface Mass ◽  
Fragment Ions ◽  
Product Ions

The scattering of the hydrocarbon radical cation C2D4•+ from room-temperature carbon (highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, HOPG) surface was investigated at low incident energies of 6-12 eV. Mass spectra, angular and translational energy distributions of product ions were measured. From these data, information on processes at surfaces, absolute ion survival probability, and kinematics of the collision was obtained. The projectile ion showed both inelastic, dissociative and reactive scattering, namely the occurrence of H-atom transfer reaction with hydrocarbons present on the room-temperature carbon surface. The absolute survival probability of the ions for the incident angle of 30° (with respect to the surface) decreased from about 1.0% (16 eV) towards zero at incident energies below 10 eV. Estimation of the effective surface mass involved in the collision process led to m(S)eff of about 57 a.m.u. for inelastic non-dissociative collisions of C2D4•+ and of about 115 a.m.u. for fragment ions (C2D3+, C2D2•+) and ions formed in reactive surface collisions (C2D4H+, C2D2H+, contributions to C2D3+ and C2D2•+). This suggested a rather complex interaction between the projectile ion and the hydrocarbon-covered surface during the collision.

Charge Transfer Between CO22+ and Ar or Ne at Collision Energies 3-10 eV

2003 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Libor Mrázek ◽  
Ján Žabka ◽  
Zdeněk Dolejšek ◽  
Zdeněk Herman
Keyword(s):  
Charge Transfer ◽  
Excited States ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Scattering Method ◽  
Translational Energy ◽  
Centre Of Mass ◽  
Energy Distributions ◽  
Zener Model ◽  
Beam Scattering ◽  
Product Ions

The beam scattering method was used to investigate non-dissociative single-electron charge transfer between the molecular dication CO22+ and Ar or Ne at several collision energies between 3-10 eV (centre-of-mass, c.m.). Relative translational energy distributions of the product ions showed that in the reaction with Ar the CO2+ product was mainly formed in reactions of the ground state of the dication, CO22+(X3Σg-), leading to the excited states of the product CO2+(A2Πu) and CO2+(B2Σu+). In the reaction with Ne, the largest probability had the process from the reactant dication excited state CO22+(1Σg+) leading to the product ion ground state CO2+(X2Πg). Less probable were processes between the other excited states of the dication CO22+, (1∆g), (1Σu-), (3∆u), also leading to the product ion ground state CO2+(X2Πg). Using the Landau-Zener model of the reaction window, relative populations of the ground and excited states of the dication CO22+ in the reactant beam were roughly estimated as (X3Σg):(1∆g):(1Σg+):(1Σu-):(3∆u) = 1.0:0.6:0.5:0.25:0.25.

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