scholarly journals THE STATE OF THE CHROMOSOMES IN THE INTERPHASE NUCLEUS

1949 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Ris ◽  
A. E. Mirsky
Keyword(s):  
Interphase Nucleus ◽  
The State ◽  
Osmic Acid ◽  
Methyl Green ◽  
Extended State ◽  
Mitotic Chromosomes ◽  
Interphase Nuclei ◽  
Living Nucleus ◽  
Calf Thymus ◽  
Ordinary Light

In the living interphase nucleus no chromosomal structures are visible. Yet in the injured cell and after treatment with most histological fixatives chromatin structures become apparent. Under certain conditions this appearance of structure in the living interphase nucleus is reversible. We have found that this change in the interphase nucleus is the result of a change in the state of the chromosomes. In the living nucleus the chromosomes are in a greatly extended state, filling the entire nucleus. Upon injury the chromosomes condense and therefore become visible. At the same time the nuclear volume decreases. This behavior of the chromosomes is connected with their content of desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). This view is based on the following observations: (a) Distribution of DNA in the Nucleus.—(1) The living interphase nucleus of uninjured cells absorbs diffusely at 2537 Å. No chromosomal structures are visible in ultraviolet photographs unless they are also distinct in ordinary light. If the chromosomes are made to condense they become visible and the absorption at 2537 Å is now localized in these structures. (2) After fixation with formalin and osmic acid interphase nuclei stain diffusely with Feulgen. These fixatives preserve the extended state of the chromosomes. (3) If nuclei are teased out in non-electrolytes (sucrose, glycerin) the chromosomes are extended. Such nuclei stain homogeneously with methyl green. On adding salts the chromosomes condense and the methyl green is now restricted to the visible structures. (b) Extension and Condensation of Isolated Chromosomes.—When chromosomes isolated from interphase nuclei of calf thymus are suspended in sucrose, their volume is four to five times larger than in saline, but they retain their characteristic shapes. Chromosomes from which DNA and histone have been removed do not show this reversible extension and condensation, neither do lampbrush chromosomes of frog oocytes which contain very little DNA. During mitosis a partial condensation of the DNA occurs in prophase, so that the mitotic chromosomes now occupy a much smaller volume of the nucleus. At telophase the chromosomes swell again to fill the entire nucleus.

An ultrastructural and radioautographic study of the chromocentric interphase nucleus in plant meristematic cells (Raphanus sativus)

1976 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-207
Author(s):  
A. Lord ◽  
J.G. Lafontaine
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Raphanus Sativus ◽  
Interphase Nucleus ◽  
Mitotic Chromosomes ◽  
Structural Differentiation ◽  
Interphase Nuclei ◽  
Meristematic Cells ◽  
Late Telophase ◽  
S Period ◽  
Chromosome Segments

In Raphanus sativus, the mitotic chromosomes are quite short and, on reaching the cell poles, soon undergo extensive unravelling. By late telophase and early interphase, only a few chromosome segments, believed to correspond to the centromeric regions, are still visible in the form of chromocentres closely associated with the nuclear envelope. Although interphase nuclei show little internal structural differentiation, high-resolution radioautography has permitted us to establish which of them have reached the early, mid and late S periods. In early S nuclei, only the nucleolus and the euchromatin which pervades the nuclear cavity become labelled. By the mid S-period, the diffuse chromatin and nucleolus incorporate less thymidine and DNA synthesis is initiated within the peripheral chromocentres. Subsequently, the radioautographic grains become restricted to the chromocentres. The finding that certain late S nuclei exhibit loosely organized chromocentres strongly suggests that these heterochromatic chromosome segments undergo important conformational modifications during DNA replication. Finally, the presence of radioautographic grains over the lacunar regions of the nucleolus in early and mid S nuclei demonstrates that intranucleolar DNA replicates during the earlier portion of the S-period.

scholarly journals Suspension (S)-FISH, a New Technique for Interphase Nuclei

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 1697-1698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulf Steinhaeuser ◽  
Heike Starke ◽  
Angela Nietzel ◽  
Joerg Lindenau ◽  
Peter Ullmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Interphase Nucleus ◽  
New Technique ◽  
Interphase Nuclei ◽  
First Results ◽  
A New Technique

We describe a versatile method for performing fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in suspension instead of on a slide as usually done. This so-called suspension-FISH (S-FISH) opens new possibilities for the analysis of shape and functions of the human interphase nucleus. The procedure is described and the first results using this approach are presented.

scholarly journals PROPHASING OF INTERPHASE NUCLEI AND INDUCTION OF NUCLEAR ENVELOPES AROUND METAPHASE CHROMOSOMES IN HELA AND CHINESE HAMSTER HOMO- AND HETEROKARYONS

1974 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshitaka Obara ◽  
Lee S. Chai ◽  
Herbert Weinfeld ◽  
Avery A. Sandberg
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Interphase Nucleus ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Binucleate Cell ◽  
Metaphase Chromosomes ◽  
Interphase Nuclei ◽  
Multinucleate Cells ◽  
Interphase Cells ◽  
Nuclear Envelope Formation

Fusing human HeLa metaphase cells with HeLa interphase cells resulted within 30 min in either of two phenomena in the resultant binucleate cell: either prophasing of the interphase nucleus or formation of a normal-appearing nuclear envelope around the metaphase chromosomes. The frequency of either occurrence was strongly dependent on environmental pH. At pH's of 6.6–8.0, prophasing predominated; at pH 8.5 nuclear envelope formation predominated. Additionally, the frequencies of the two events in multinucleate cells depended on the metaphase/interphase ratio. When the ratio was 0.33 nuclear envelope formation predominated; when it was 2.0 prophasing predominated. In their general features, the results with fused HeLa cells resembled those reported earlier with fused Chinese hamster Don cells. However, the results provided an indication that between pH 6.6 and 8.0 the HeLa metaphase cells possessed a much greater capacity than the Don metaphase cells to induce prophasing. Fusion of Don metaphase cells with HeLa interphase cells or of Don interphase cells with HeLa metaphase cells at pH 8.0 resulted in nuclear envelope formation or prophasing in each kind of heterokaryon. As in the homokaryons, the frequencies of the two events in the heterokaryons depended on the metaphase/interphase ratio. The statistics of prophasing and nuclear envelope formation in the homo- and heterokaryon populations were consistent with the notion that disruption or formation of the nuclear envelope depends on the balance attained between disruptive and formative processes.

scholarly journals Epichromatin is conserved in Toxoplasma gondii and labels the exterior parasite chromatin throughout the cell cycle

Parasitology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 140 (9) ◽  
pp. 1104-1110 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAURA VANAGAS ◽  
MARIA C. DALMASSO ◽  
JEAN F. DUBREMETZ ◽  
ENRIQUE L. PORTIANSKY ◽  
DONALD E. OLINS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Nuclear Fraction ◽  
Mitotic Chromosomes ◽  
Interphase Nuclei ◽  
The Face ◽  
Surface Covering ◽  
Intracellular Protozoan Parasite

SUMMARYToxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan intracellular protozoan parasite responsible for toxoplasmosis, a disease with considerable medical and economic impact worldwide. Toxoplasma gondii cells never lose the nuclear envelope and their chromosomes do not condense. Here, we tested the murine monoclonal antibody PL2-6, which labels epichromatin (a conformational chromatin epitope based on histones H2A and H2B complexed with DNA), in T. gondii cultured in human fibroblasts. This epitope is present at the exterior chromatin surface of interphase nuclei and on the periphery of mitotic chromosomes in higher eukaryotes. PL2-6 reacted with T. gondii H2A and H2B histones in Western blot (WB) assays. In addition, the antibody reacted with the nuclear fraction of tachyzoites, as a single band coincident with H2B histone. In the T. gondii tachyzoite stage, PL2-6 also had peripheral nuclear localization, as observed by epifluorescence/confocal microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy. Confocal analysis showed that epichromatin is slightly polarized to one face of the parasite exterior chromatin surface. In replicating tachyzoites, PL2-6 also labels the exterior chromatin surface, covering the face of both segregating nuclei, facing the plasma membrane of the mother cell. The possible role of epichromatin in T. gondii is discussed.

Decondensation of the mouse sperm nucleus within the interphase nucleus

Zygote ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasutaka Maeda ◽  
Hiroko Yanagimachi ◽  
Hiroyuki Tateno ◽  
Noriko Usui ◽  
R. Yanagimachi
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Interphase Nucleus ◽  
Sperm Nucleus ◽  
Interphase Nuclei ◽  
Mouse Sperm ◽  
Immature Oocytes ◽  
Nuclear Envelope Breakdown ◽  
Germinal Vesicles ◽  
Sperm Nuclei ◽  
Mouse Eggs

SummarySperm nuclei incorporated into the cytoplasm (ooplasm) of fertilised mouse eggs at the pronuclear stage remain condensed, whereas those injected into male or female pronuclei decondense. Similarly, sperm nuclei injected into germinal vesicles of immature oocytes or the nuclei of 2-cell embryos decondense, while those entering the cytoplasm of these oocytes / embryos do not. These facts seem to suggest that factors necessary for the decondensation of sperm nucleus are present in interphase nuclei and are released into the ooplasm during nuclear envelope breakdown. Nucleoplasmin, which is synthesised in the cytoplasm and accumulated within the nucleus, is likely a major candidate for these factors.

Histone H3 methylation patterns in Brassica nigra, Brassica juncea, and Brassica carinata species

Genome ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Braszewska-Zalewska ◽  
Alina Dziurlikowska ◽  
Jolanta Maluszynska
Keyword(s):  
Interphase Nucleus ◽  
Tissue Specificity ◽  
Histone H3 ◽  
Brassica Species ◽  
Interphase Nuclei ◽  
Meristematic Tissue ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Histone H3 Methylation ◽  
Core Histones ◽  
Methylation Patterns

Core histones are subjected to various post-translational modifications, and one of them, most intensively studied in plants, is the methylation of histone H3. In the majority of analyzed plant species, dimethylation of H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me2) is detected in heterochromatin domains, whereas methylation of H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me2) is detected in euchromatin domains. The distribution of H3K9me2 in the interphase nucleus seems to be correlated with genome size, chromatin organization, but also with tissue specificity. In this paper, we present the analysis of the pattern and level of histone H3 methylation for two allotetraploid and one diploid Brassica species. We have found that the pattern of H3K9me2 in interphase nuclei from root meristematic tissue is comparable within the analyzed species and includes both heterochromatin and euchromatin, but the level of modification differs not only among species but even among nuclei in the same phase of the cell cycle within one species. Moreover, the differences in the level of H3K9me2 are not directly coupled with DNA content in the nuclei and are probably tissue specific.

scholarly journals STRANDEDNESS OF VICIA FABA CHROMOSOMES AS REVEALED BY ENZYME DIGESTION STUDIES

1965 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Trosko ◽  
Sheldon Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Light Microscope ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Enzyme Digestion ◽  
Trypsin Digestion ◽  
Mitotic Chromosomes ◽  
Ordinary Light ◽  
Linear Continuity ◽  
Neutral Formalin ◽  
Formalin Fixed

Chromosomes and nuclei isolated from neutral formalin-fixed Vicia faba lateral roots were treated with trypsin, pepsin, RNase, or DNase. Only trypsin affected the morphology of the chromosomes and nuclei. The appearance of the chromosomes after trypsin digestion indicated that each chromatid contained four strands that could be seen with an ordinary light microscope. The experiments are interpreted as indicating that mitotic chromosomes of Vicia faba are multistranded and that the linear continuity of the chromosome is dependent on protein.

scholarly journals “Enjoy your experience”: Symbolic violence and becoming a tasteful state cannabis consumer in Canada

2021 ◽  
pp. 146954052199087
Author(s):  
Patricia Cormack ◽  
James Cosgrave
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Subject Position ◽  
Symbolic Violence ◽  
Extended State ◽  
Point Of Sale ◽  
Marijuana User ◽  
Class Reproduction ◽  
State Monopoly ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Emotional Identification

This article explores the legalization and marketing of recreational cannabis in Canada, specifically the province of Nova Scotia, that has extended state monopoly over sales. Beginning with Howard Becker’s classic analysis of “becoming a marijuana user,” this ethnographic investigation of the first day of state cannabis sales utilizes and extends Bourdieusian analyses, particularly by showing how “symbolic violence” and “taste distinctions” work beyond overt class reproduction to establish state classifications and rituals. The practices we observe show state formation in action at the point of sale, including education, warning, prohibition, and promotion. As we demonstrate, the state marketing of cannabis works to invite emotional identification toward becoming the state consumer as an embodied habitus. The citizen is not just redeemed morally by the legal recategorization of cannabis but brought into a new subject position as good consumer citizen at the moment of ritual consumption, that is, brought into a “tasteful state.”

THE LEGALITY OF STATE OF EMERGENCY STATUS IMPOSED BY FRANCE FOLLOWING TERRORIST ATTACK

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-140
Author(s):  
Debby Yerica Christine Dampang
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
International Law ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
The State ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Extended State ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
French Government

AbstractA series of terrorist attacks occurred in Paris, France, on 13th November 2015. In response to those terrorist attacks, French President declared a state of emergency no less than 24 hours after the attacks. Under state of emergency, French government is allowed to take any measures derogating human rights, for instance, conducting a search without a warrant and restricting an individual's freedom. Later on 14th July 2016, another attack occurred in Nice. French government then extended the state of emergency, and the extension itself was undertaken up to five times, meaning that the state of emergency was imposed up to six terms. As for the extension of the state of emergency, the authority of French government to exercise the derogation of human rights was also extended. State of emergency is permissible under international law provided that it is carried out consistent with the principles of human rights. This article aims to analyze the standards and limitations that bind States to implement state of emergency, particularly derogation measures. In this regard, France has failed to comply with the principles prescribed by international law taking into account that several derogation measures taken by France were inconsistent with the limitations set out under state of emergency.Keywords: derogation of human rights, state of emergency, terrorism  Abstrak Pada tanggal 13 November 2015, telah terjadi rangkaian serangan teroris di kota Paris, Prancis. Akibat dari serangan teroris tersebut, maka Presiden Prancis mendeklarasikan bahwa Prancis dalam keadaan darurat. Dalam keadaan darurat tersebut pemerintah Prancis dapat melakukan tindakan-tindakan yang mengesampingkan HAM seperti melakukan penggeledahan tanpa surat perintah dan pembatasan terhadap kebebasan individu. Belum selesai masa keadaan darurat atas serangan teroris di kota Paris, munculah serangan teroris lainnya di kota Nice, Prancis pada tanggal 14 Juli 2016. Sebagai reaksi atas kejadian teror tersebut, Presiden Prancis kembali memperpanjang masa keadaan darurat. Oleh sebab itu, perpanjangan keadaan darurat dilakukan sebanyak lima kali yang berarti keadaan darurat diberlakukan dalam enam tahap. Dengan perpanjangan keadaan darurat maka pemerintah juga memperluas kewenangannya untuk melakukan tindakan yang mengesampingkan HAM warga Prancis. Keadaan darurat dapat diberlakukan berdasarkan hukum internasional dengan memperhatikan prinsip-prinsip HAM. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis standar dan batasan-batasan yang mengikat negara untuk memberlakukan keadaan darurat, terutama dalam mengambil langkah-langkah pengesampingan HAM. Dalam hal ini, Prancis telah gagal untuk mematuhi prinsip-prinsip hukum internasional mengingat beberapa langkah pengesampingan HAM tersebut tidak sejalan dengan batasan-batasan yang diatur dalam keadaan darurat. Kata kunci: keadaan darurat, pengesampingan HAM, terorisme

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document