scholarly journals NATIVE AND REGENERATED BOVINE ALBUMIN

1943 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald S. Martin ◽  
John O. Erickson ◽  
Frank W. Putnam ◽  
Hans Neurath
Keyword(s):  
Protein Structure ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Guanidine Hydrochloride ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Bovine Albumin ◽  
Antigenic Activity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Serological Specificity

1. The effects of regeneration of whole bovine albumin on antigenic activity and serological specificity were determined by precipitin measurements on rabbit antisera to (1) native whole albumin, (2) albumin regenerated from 8 M urea, and (3) albumin regenerated from 8 M guanidine hydrochloride. 2. While numerically the mean antibody response to these three antigens was found to decrease in the order named, only the difference in antigenic activity between native and guanidine hydrochloride-regenerated albumin was statistically significant. Native, crystalline, carbohydrate-free albumin (crystalbumin) was considerably less antigenic than native whole bovine albumin, its activity being comparable to, if not less than, that observed for guanidine hydrochloride-regenerated whole albumin. 3. All four antigens were immunologically equivalent. 4. The antigenic activity of these proteins is discussed in terms of protein structure and carbohydrate content.

scholarly journals Redefining Non-Inferiority in Anamnestic Antibody Responses Using the Mean Increase of Log-Transformed Antibody Titers after Revaccination: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Rabies Vaccination Trial

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 721
Author(s):  
Lisanne A. Overduin ◽  
Patrick H. P. Soentjens ◽  
Jelle J. Goeman ◽  
Magdalena A. Berkowska ◽  
Jacques J. M. van Dongen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Primary Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Non-inferiority in the anamnestic antibody response is conventionally determined by comparing seroconversion rates after revaccination. However, this approach is inadequate in the case of high pre-booster antibody titers. Therefore, we propose an alternative method to determine non-inferiority of booster responses. We used anonymized data from a randomized controlled trial (NCT01388985; EudraCT 2011-001612-62) in 500 adults, comparing a two-visit primary vaccination schedule (two intradermal 0.1 mL rabies vaccine doses on day 0 and 7) with a three-visit schedule (single intradermal 0.1 mL dose on day 0, 7, and 28). Participants were revaccinated intradermally (single dose) 1 to 3 years later. Rabies virus neutralizing antibody titers were measured on day 0 and 7 after revaccination. After log3-transformation of antibody titers, the mean increase in titers after revaccination was compared between schedules. Non-inferiority was defined as the lower bound of the two-sided 95% confidence interval not exceeding −0.369. Four hundred and ten participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The mean increase in log3 titer was 2.21 and 2.31 for the two-visit and three-visit schedule, respectively. The difference between these increases was −0.10 [−0.28, 0.08], meeting the non-inferiority criterion. In conclusion, comparing mean increases in log-transformed titers after revaccination appears to be a feasible and more informative method of studying non-inferiority regarding the anamnestic antibody response.

scholarly journals NATIVE AND REGENERATED BOVINE ALBUMIN

1943 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 513-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank W. Putnam ◽  
John O. Erickson ◽  
Elliot Volkin ◽  
Hans Neurath
Keyword(s):  
Guanidine Hydrochloride ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Free Fraction ◽  
Molecular Size ◽  
Axial Ratio ◽  
Molecular Shape ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Isoelectric Precipitation ◽  
Denatured State ◽  
Bovine Albumin

1. Whole bovine albumin, homogeneous in diffusion and sedimentation, and essentially homogeneous in electrophoresis, has been prepared by a method involving ammonium sulfate precipitation of the globulins in the cold and of the albumin at room temperature, isoelectric precipitation of the euglobulins, and reprecipitation of the albumin. 2. The product has been characterized by chemical analysis and by viscosity, diffusion, sedimentation, and electrophoresis measurements. The carbohydrate content is 0.38 per cent, the nitrogen content, 15.2 per cent. The molecular shape approximates that of a prolate ellipsoid with an axial ratio of 3.1, assuming 33 per cent hydration; the average molecular weight is 65,000. 3. Bovine albumin is readily denatured by concentrated solutions of urea or guanidine hydrochloride, gross changes in molecular shape resulting. 4. Regeneration of bovine albumin denatured in solutions of 8 M urea or guanidine hydrochloride yields a material closely resembling the native in carbohydrate content, in molecular size and shape, and in electrophoretic properties. However, the regenerated protein differs from the native in susceptibility to tryptic digestion, and, in this respect, appears to be in a denatured state. 5. In 8 M solutions of guanidine hydrochloride a limiting yield of regenerated albumin equivalent to 95 per cent of the original protein is approached. 6. Bovine crystalbumin, a crystalline carbohydrate-free fraction of the whole albumin, appears to be more susceptible to denaturation than whole bovine albumin.

scholarly journals IMMUNOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NATIVE AND DENATURED HORSE SERUM GLOBULINS

1945 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 421-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
John O. Erickson ◽  
Hans Neurath
Keyword(s):  
Horse Serum ◽  
Guanidine Hydrochloride ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Type I ◽  
Serum Globulin ◽  
Antigenic Activity ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Molecular Weight

1. The influence of guanidine hydrochloride on the denaturation and regeneration of Type I antipneumococcal horse serum globulin was determined by measurements of viscosity, diffusion, and sedimentation in the ultracentrifuge. In addition, the effect of NaCNS on the antibody globulin was studied. 2. Both the irreversibly denatured and the regenerated fractions were found to be precipitable by SI. The observed changes in combining ratio have been tentatively explained in terms of (a) changes in the mean molecular weight, or alternatively (b) an increase in the number of serologically active groups upon denaturation, followed by masking of the latter upon regeneration. Discounting a specific effect of NaCNS on either fraction, the extent of specific precipitation is of the same order of magnitude for native and irreversibly denatured antibody. 3. Quantitative precipitin titrations have been performed on rabbit antisera to native and irreversibly denatured horse antibody, and normal globulin GI, respectively. No significant differences in the antigenic activity of these proteins were found. Measurements of their cross-reactivity led to the conclusion that the native and irreversibly denatured fractions of antibody globulin are antigenically more closely related to each other than to the corresponding fractions of normal globulin, and vice versa.

The Effect of Vocabulary Intervention on Text Comprehension: Who Benefits?

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 562-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawna Duff
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Text Comprehension ◽  
Classroom Instruction ◽  
Vocabulary Instruction ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Vocabulary Knowledge ◽  
Vocabulary Intervention ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Purpose Vocabulary intervention can improve comprehension of texts containing taught words, but it is unclear if all middle school readers get this benefit. This study tests 2 hypotheses about variables that predict response to vocabulary treatment on text comprehension: gains in vocabulary knowledge due to treatment and pretreatment reading comprehension scores. Method Students in Grade 6 ( N = 23) completed a 5-session intervention based on robust vocabulary instruction (RVI). Knowledge of the semantics of taught words was measured pre- and posttreatment. Participants then read 2 matched texts, 1 containing taught words (treated) and 1 not (untreated). Treated texts and taught word lists were counterbalanced across participants. The difference between text comprehension scores in treated and untreated conditions was taken as a measure of the effect of RVI on text comprehension. Results RVI resulted in significant gains in knowledge of taught words ( d RM = 2.26) and text comprehension ( d RM = 0.31). The extent of gains in vocabulary knowledge after vocabulary treatment did not predict the effect of RVI on comprehension of texts. However, untreated reading comprehension scores moderated the effect of the vocabulary treatment on text comprehension: Lower reading comprehension was associated with greater gains in text comprehension. Readers with comprehension scores below the mean experienced large gains in comprehension, but those with average/above average reading comprehension scores did not. Conclusion Vocabulary instruction had a larger effect on text comprehension for readers in Grade 6 who had lower untreated reading comprehension scores. In contrast, the amount that children learned about taught vocabulary did not predict the effect of vocabulary instruction on text comprehension. This has implications for the identification of 6th-grade students who would benefit from classroom instruction or clinical intervention targeting vocabulary knowledge.

Bovine Platelet Proteins III. Some Properties of Platelet Fibrinogen

1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
pp. 428-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. O Solum ◽  
S Łopaciuk
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Viscosity ◽  
Rabbit Antiserum ◽  
Disc Electrophoresis ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Plasma Fibrinogen ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Electrophoretic Mobilities ◽  
Bovine Plasma ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
The Difference

Summary1. Some properties of purified bovine platelet fibrinogen have been described and the data compared to those obtained by parallel analysis of purified bovine plasma fibrinogen.2. A close similarity was found between platelet and plasma fibrinogen as to sedimentation coefficients, electrophoretic mobilities in starch gel and polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis, light absorption spectra in the range 240 mμ to 330 mμ, ability to form immunoprecipitate with a rabbit antiserum against bovine plasma fibrinogen, total amino acid composition and in N-terminal amino acids.Differences between the fibrinogens were found as to intrinsic viscosity, carbohydrate content and behaviour upon clotting by thrombin. Intrinsic viscosity in 0.3 M NaCl at 25° was 0.48 dl/g for platelet fibrinogen as compared to 0.26 dl/g for plasma fibrinogen. The carbohydrate content of platelet fibrinogen was 0.56 ± 0.10% 1.56±0.10% and 1.37±0.09% for sialic acid (calculated as N-glycolyl neuraminic acid), hexose (galactose/mannose 1:2) and hexosamine (glucosamine), respectively. These values were 6, 54 and 26% higher than those found for plasma fibrinogen. The difference in clotting behaviour indicated a slower polymerization rate of the fibrin monomers formed from platelet fibrinogen than of those formed from plasma fibrinogen.

Efficacy and Safety of Oral Ivermectin and Topical Permethrin in the Treatment of Scabies

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
Mohsena Akhter ◽  
Ishrat Bhuiyan ◽  
Zulfiqer Hossain Khan ◽  
Mahfuza Akhter ◽  
Gulam Kazem Ali Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Sarcoptes Scabiei ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Common Skin ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group B

Background: Scabies is one of the most common skin diseases in our country. It is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis, which is an ecto-parasite infesting the epidermis. Scabies is highly contagious. Prevalence is high in congested or densely populated areas. Individuals with close contact with an affected person should be treated with scabicidal which is available in both oral and topical formulations. The only oral but highly effective scabicidal known to date is Ivermectin. Amongst topical preparations, Permethrin 5 % cream is the treatment of choice. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy & safety of oral Ivermectin compared to topical Permethrin in the treatment of scabies. Methodology: This prospective, non-randomized study was conducted at the out-patient department of Dermatology and Venereology of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College & Hospital over a period of 6 months, from August 2016 to January 2017. The study population consisted of one hundred patients having scabies, enrolled according to inclusion criteria. They were divided into two groups. group A was subjected to oral Ivermectin and the group B to Permethrin 5% cream. Patients were followed up on day 7 and 14 for assessment of efficacy and safety. Result: The mean scoring with SD in group A (Ivermectin) and group B (Permethrin) were 8.26 ± 2.22 and 7.59 ± 2.01 respectively at the time of observation. The difference between the mean score of the two group is not significant (p=0.117) the mean scoring with SD in group A and group B were 4.54 ± 2.05 and 1.64 ± 1.84 respectively at 7thdays. The difference between the mean score of the two group is significant (p<0.001). The mean scoring with SD in group A and group B were 2.68± 2.35 and .36± 1.10 respectively at 14th day difference between the mean score of the group is significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: Topical application of permethrin 5% cream is more effective and safer than oral Ivermectin in the treatment of scabies. TAJ 2020; 33(1): 41-47

EFFECTS OF SYNTHETIC LH/FSH-RELEASING HORMONE (LRH) ON PLASMA LH AND FSH IN AMENORRHOEIC WOMEN

1974 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Rannevik ◽  
J. Thorell
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Serial Measurements

ABSTRACT Eight amenorrhoeic women were given 100 μg synthetic LRH (Hoechst) iv and im, respectively, at an interval of 2 weeks. Four of the women received the iv injection first and four the im injection. The urinary excretion of oestrogens and pregnanediol was low and unaltered throughout the test weeks. The effects of LRH were compared by serial measurements of the plasma LH and FSH during 8 h. The initial response of LH for up to 25 min and that of FSH for up to 60 min were equal whether LRH was given iv or im. The difference appeared later. Four hours after the injection the mean increase of LH to iv injection was 0.5 ng/ml (N. S.), while that to im injection was 1.9 ng/ml (P < 0.01). The corresponding values for FSH were 1.3 (P < 0.05) and 3.2 (P < 0.001). The effect of LRH administration im was thus found to be larger and more prolonged.

Development of Prolonged Delivery of Tramadol and Dissolution Translation by Statistical Data Treatment

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1331-1337
Author(s):  
P B Parejiya ◽  
B S Barot ◽  
P K Shelat
Keyword(s):  
Drug Release ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Stability Study ◽  
Dissolution Time ◽  
Matrix Tablet ◽  
Burst Effect ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dissolution Efficiency

The present study was carried out to fabricate a prolonged design for tramadol using Kollidon SR (Polyvinyl acetate and povidone based matrix retarding polymer). Matrix tablet formulations were prepared by direct compression of Kollidon SR of a varying proportion with a fixed percentage of tramadol. Tablets containing a 1:0.5 (Drug: Kollidon SR) ratio exhibited a rapid rate of drug release with an initial burst effect. Incorporation of more Kollidon SR in the matrix tablet extended the release of drug with subsequent minimization of the burst effect as confirmed by the mean dissolution time, dissolution efficiency and f2 value. Among the formulation batches, a direct relationship was obtained between release rate and the percentage of Kollidon SR used. The formulation showed close resemblance to the commercial product Contramal and compliance with USP specification. The results were explored and explained by the difference of micromeritic characteristics of the polymers and blend of drug with excipients. Insignificant effects of various factors, e.g. pH of dissolution media, ionic strength, speed of paddle were found on the drug release from Kollidon-SR matrix. The formulation followed the Higuchi kinetic model of drug release. Stability study data indicated stable character of Batch T6 after short-term stability study.

Seasonal trends in the stable isotopic composition of snow and meltwater runoff in a subarctic catchment at Okstindan, Norway

2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.D. Gurney ◽  
D.S.L. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Stable Isotopic Composition ◽  
Meltwater Runoff ◽  
Stable Isotopic ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Δ18o And Δd

Seasonal variations in the stable isotopic composition of snow and meltwater were investigated in a sub-arctic, mountainous, but non-glacial, catchment at Okstindan in northern Norway based on analyses of δ18O and δD. Samples were collected during four field periods (August 1998; April 1999; June 1999 and August 1999) at three sites lying on an altitudinal transect (740–970 m a.s.l.). Snowpack data display an increase in the mean values of δ18O (increasing from a mean value of −13.51 to −11.49‰ between April and August), as well as a decrease in variability through the melt period. Comparison with a regional meteoric water line indicates that the slope of the δ18O–δD line for the snowpacks decreases over the same period, dropping from 7.49 to approximately 6.2.This change points to the role of evaporation in snowpack ablation and is confirmed by the vertical profile of deuterium excess. Snowpack seepage data, although limited, also suggest reduced values of δD, as might be associated with local evaporation during meltwater generation. In general, meltwaters were depleted in δ18O relative to the source snowpack at the peak of the melt (June), but later in the year (August) the difference between the two was not statistically significant. The diurnal pattern of isotopic composition indicates that the most depleted meltwaters coincide with the peak in temperature and, hence, meltwater production.

Study of pumping effect in flow-through electrolysers

1983 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 2232-2248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivo Roušar ◽  
Michal Provazník ◽  
Pavel Stuhl
Keyword(s):  
Natural Convection ◽  
Balance Equation ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Pumping Effect ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

In electrolysers with recirculation, where a gas is evolved, the pumping of electrolyte from a lower to a higher level can be effected by natural convection due to the difference between the densities of the inlet electrolyte and the gaseous emulsion at the outlet. An accurate balance equation for calculation of the rate of flow of the pumped liquid is derived. An equation for the calculation of the mean volume fraction of bubbles in the space between the electrodes is proposed and verified experimentally on a pilot electrolyser. Two examples of industrial applications are presented.

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