scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF HEMOLYTIC SUBSTANCES ON WHITE CELL RESPIRATION

1936 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Ponder ◽  
John Macleod
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Sodium Oleate ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Sodium Taurocholate ◽  
White Cell ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Cell Respiration ◽  
Sodium Glycocholate

Substances such as saponin, the bile salts, etc., which produce lysis of red cells also produce cytolysis of white cells from rabbit peritoneal exudates, the arbitrary criterion of their cytolytic effect being their ability to depress the O2 consumption of the leucocytes. The amount of cytolysis increases regularly as the amount of the added lysin is increased, and sufficiently large quantities of saponin, sodium taurocholate, sodium glycocholate, or sodium oleate are capable of virtually abolishing the O2 consumption altogether. At the same time, it can be shown that a lysin such as saponin is used up in combining with the white cells in much the same way as it is used up in combining with red cells, and the reduction in oxygen consumption appears to be roughly proportional to the amount so combined. The action of these lytic substances on white cells, in fact, is very similar to their action on red cells, due allowance being made for the fact that the cytolysis of the white cell is probably not an all-or-none process like hemolysis. White cell respiration is also depressed in hypotonic solutions, the respiration being virtually linear with the tonicity.

scholarly journals The kinetics of hæmolysis in cell-Taurocholate-serum systems

1935 ◽  
Vol 117 (804) ◽  
pp. 272-288 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Silicic Acid ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Brilliant Green ◽  
Sodium Taurocholate ◽  
Alkali Content ◽  
Sodium Glycocholate ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Sufficient Concentration

It is well known that the serum and plasma proteins usually produce inhibition of hæmolysis by saponin, the bile salts, the soaps, and other related lysins. As early as 1908, however, Sachs described an acceleration of hæmolysis as occurring when serum or plasma is added to systems containing sodium oleate, after the oleate had been in contact with the cells for some time. The same effect was later observed, under certain conditions, by Ponder for sodium glycocholate (1922), for sodium taurocholate (1923), and for stearates and oleates (1924), and also by Sen and Mitra (1928) in systems containing taurocholate, although Sen and Sen (1928) had previously failed to obtain it. It is known from these investigations that the concentration of taurocholate, etc., used, the quantity of serum or plasma added, and the time for which the lysin is allowed to react with the cells determine whether, and how great, an acceleration replaces the more usual inhibition, but otherwise the kinetics of hæmolysis in these systems is obscure. They are of interest, however, because of their resemblance to colloidal silicic acid-complement and brilliant green-serum systems, in which the cells react with the lysin only after being acted on by a sensitizing agent, and in which, as in these systems, the order of addition of the various components largely determines the final result (see Ponder, 1928, 1932, a , 1933). It has been already suggested, indeed, that the taurocholate acts by sensitizing the cells to the lytic action of the subsequently added serum, as well as by producing lysis itself, just as brilliant green brings about a similar sensitization, and is, in sufficient concentration, a lysin per se (Ponder, 1934, a ). The only other suggestion which has been put forward is that of Sen and Roy (1930-31), who observe that either an inhibition or an acceleration can be obtained by adding various amines to systems containing sodium taurocholate, the result depending on whether the addition is made before or after the taurocholate has come into contact with the cells. Since the addition of the amines makes the systems containing cells and taurocholate more alkaline (the p H of such systems usually being between 5·0 and 6·0), Sen and Roy suggest that the similar accelerating effect of serum may be due, in part at least, to its alkali content.

Oxygen Consumption in Platelets of Newborn Infants before and after Stimulation by Thrombin.

1976 ◽  
Vol 35 (03) ◽  
pp. 712-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Del Principe ◽  
G Mancuso ◽  
A Menichelli ◽  
G Maretto ◽  
G Sabetta
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Umbilical Cord Blood ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Adult Control ◽  
Healthy Newborn ◽  
Before And After

SummaryThe authors compared the oxygen consumption in platelets from the umbilical cord blood of 36 healthy newborn infants with that of 27 adult subjects, before and after thrombin addition (1.67 U/ml). Oxygen consumption at rest was 6 mμmol/109/min in adult control platelets and 5.26 in newborn infants. The burst in oxygen consumption after thrombin addition was 26.30 mμmol/109/min in adults and 24.90 in infants. Dinitrophenol did not inhibit the burst of O2 consumption in platelets in 8 out of 10 newborn infants, while the same concentration caused a decrease in 9 out of 10 adult subjects. Deoxyglucose inhibited the burst in O2 consumption in newborn infant and adult platelets by about 50%. KCN at the concentration of 10−4 M completely inhibited basal oxygen consumption but did not completely inhibit the burst after thrombin. At the concentration of 10−3 M, it inhibited both basal O2 consumption and the burst in infants and adult subjects.

scholarly journals CELL RESPIRATION STUDIES

1927 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51
Author(s):  
Blake C. Wilbur ◽  
Geneva A. Daland ◽  
John Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Closed Space ◽  
Cell Respiration ◽  
Chemical Substances ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Tissue Cells

A description is given of a closed space respiration apparatus which can be used to determine the amount of gas used or liberated by living blood or tissue cells, or chemical substances. Continuous observations can be made and repeated measurements recorded without interrupting the vital processes or destroying the cells. Studies of the oxygen consumption by whole blood in normal individuals and in patients with leucocytosis and myelogenous leucemia, as well as by white cells suspended in plasma, will be reported in subsequent papers.

GASEOUS METABOLISM IN PREMATURE INFANTS AT 32-34°C AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82
Author(s):  
Forrest H. Adams ◽  
Tetsuro Fujiwara ◽  
Robert Spears ◽  
Joan Hodgman
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Respiratory Quotient ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Rate Of Increase

Thirty-four measurements of oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, respiratory quotient, and rectal temperature were made on 22 premature infants with ages ranging from 2½ hours to 18 days. The studies were conducted at 32-34°C utilizing an open circuit apparatus and a specially designed climatized chamber. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were lowest in the first 12 hours and increased thereafter. The rate of increase in O2 consumption was greater than that of CO2 production, with a consequent fall in respiratory quotient during the first 76 hours of life. A reverse relation of O2 consumption and CO2 production was found following the 4th day of life with a consequent rise in respiratory quotient. There was a close correlation between O2 consumption and rectal temperature regardless of age. A respiratory quotient below the value of 0.707 for fat metabolism was observed in 7 premature infants with ages ranging from 24 to 76 hours.

Splanchnic blood flow, O2 consumption, removal of lactate, and output of glucose in highlanders

1977 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Capderou ◽  
J. Polianski ◽  
J. Mensch-Dechene ◽  
L. Drouet ◽  
G. Antezana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Splanchnic Blood Flow ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Arterial Lactate ◽  
Oxygen Breathing ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Splanchnic Hemodynamics ◽  
Arterial Blood Glucose ◽  
Arteriovenous Difference

An impairment of gluconeogenesis has been proposed to explain the low arterial blood glucose of highlanders. Therefore, we studied splanchnic blood flow, splanchnic uptake of oxygen and lactate, and output of glucose in nine normal and six anemic highlanders at an altitude of 3,750 m. Splanchnic blood flow, arteriovenous difference for oxygen, and oxygen consumption were comparable at rest in both groups and in lowlanders from the literature, whereas splanchnic output of glucose, and uptake of lactate were approximately twice those in lowlanders. After 10 min of mild exercise in 12 subjects (7 normals, 5 anemic), no significant changes in splanchnic hemodynamics and metabolism were found. During 29% oxygen breathing in 8 subjects (5 normals, 3 anemics), arterial lactate, splanchnic uptake of lactate and output of glucose fell to normal sea-level values. We concluded that splanchnic hemodynamics are similar in adapted highlanders and in lowlanders, and that there is no evidence of an impaired gluconeogenesis at the altitude of the present study.

Effect of intestinal resection on bile salt absorption in dogs

1965 ◽  
Vol 208 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Playoust ◽  
Leon Lack ◽  
I. M. Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Sodium Taurocholate ◽  
Intestinal Resection ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Salt Absorption ◽  
Complete Failure ◽  
Fat Meal

The efficiency of intestinal absorption of bile salts was evaluated by studying the rate of disappearance of radioactivity from the bile of dogs after the intravenous administration of sodium taurocholate-24-C14. Bile was sampled through an indwelling tube in the gall bladder. One day after a high-fat meal normal dogs retained 48% of the radioactivity; dogs with resection of the jejunum retained 48%, whereas those with resection of the ileum retained only 3% in the bile. This is consistent with previous observations that the ileum is the site of bile salt absorption in vitro and in anesthetized animals. Animals with resection of the ileum exhibited significant steatorrhea; however, three-fourths of the ingested fat was absorbed in spite of almost complete failure to absorb bile salts. This indicates that fat and bile salts are not normally absorbed together. Elimination of enterohepatic circulation of bile salts by resection of the ileum contributes to the observed steatorrhea.

scholarly journals Eosinophils do respond to fMLP

Blood ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-383
Author(s):  
M Yazdanbakhsh ◽  
CM Eckmann ◽  
L Koenderman ◽  
AJ Verhoeven ◽  
D Roos
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Maximal Response ◽  
Free Calcium ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Nitroblue Tetrazolium Reduction ◽  
Percoll Gradients ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Tetrazolium Reduction ◽  
Normal Human Blood

Eosinophils were isolated from normal human blood by separation over Percoll gradients, which resulted in eosinophil suspensions of a purity higher than 95% and recoveries of about 65%. Normal human eosinophils were found to respond to formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) at concentrations greater than 10(-7) mol/L with an increase in the concentration of intracellular free calcium, oxygen consumption, nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, and chemiluminescence. The maximal response of eosinophils to fMLP was lower than that of neutrophils isolated from the same blood samples and required at least ten times as much fMLP as was needed for neutrophils. Low fMLP concentrations (approximately 10(-8) mol/L), which in themselves did not stimulate O2 consumption by either eosinophils or neutrophils, primed these cells to respond to a suboptimal concentration of another stimulus. Purification of eosinophils after treatment of whole blood with fMLP showed that these eosinophils had lost their ability to respond to fMLP. We conclude that normal eosinophils do respond to fMLP and that therefore fMLP should not be used to isolate eosinophils.

Regulation of Heat Production by Large Moths

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-33
Author(s):  
JAMES EDWARD HEATH ◽  
PHILLIP A. ADAMS
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cooling Curve ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Internal Temperature ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Thoracic Temperature ◽  
Silk Moth

1. Moths ‘warm-up’ prior to flight at mean rates of 4.06° C./min. in Celerio lineata and 2.5° C./min. in Rothschildia jacobae. The abdominal temperature rises only 2-3° C. during activity. 2. Oxygen consumption of torpid sphinx moths increases by a factor of 2.27 as temperature changes from 26° to 36° C. 3. Oxygen consumption during ‘warm-up’ increases with duration of ‘warm-up’ from about 1000 µl./g. min during the initial 30 sec. to nearly 1600µl./g. min. during the 3rd min. This increase compensates for increasing heat loss from the thorax during ‘warm-up‘. 4. When the moths are regulating thoracic temperature, oxygen consumption increases with decreasing air temperature from a mean of about 400µl./g. min at 31° C. to about 650µl./g. min. at 26° C 5. Values of O2 consumption calculated from the cooling curve of C. lineata are about 85% of the measured values of O2 consumption. 6. The giant silk moth, Rothschildia jacobae, regulates thoracic temperature during activity between about 32° and 36° C. at ambient temperature from 17° to 29° C. Moths kept at high temperatures are active longer, have more periods of activity and expend more energy for thermoregulation than moths kept at low temperatures. 7. Large moths increase metabolism during active periods to offset heat loss and thereby maintain a relatively constant internal temperature. In this regard they may be considered endothermic, like birds and mammals. 8. We estimate that male moths use 10% of their stored fat for thermoregulation, while females may use 50%.

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