scholarly journals THE SALTING OUT OF GELATIN INTO TWO LIQUID LAYERS WITH SODIUM CHLORIDE AND OTHER SALTS

1928 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. McBain ◽  
Frederick Kellogg
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Quaternary System ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Phase Rule

1. Conditions under which gelatin may be salted out into two liquid layers at 35° were studied. 2. The equilibria governing the amounts and composition of the layers salted out with sodium chloride are found to accord with the requirements of the phase rule for the quaternary system gelatin-sodium chloride-hydrogen ion-water. 3. So far, soaps and gelatin are found to be surprisingly similar in their behaviour and definite indications are given as to where further similarities may be sought. 4. It is evident from this work that the term "coagulation" as ordinarily applied to the salting out of proteins is definitely a misnomer.

scholarly journals Development of soapstock processing technology to ensure waste-free and safe production

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (10 (114)) ◽  
pp. 23-29
Author(s):  
Viktoriia Kalyna ◽  
Vitalii Koshulko ◽  
Olha Ilinska ◽  
Natalia Tverdokhliebova ◽  
Oksana Tolstousova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Acid Solution ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Acid Yield ◽  
Total Fat

Soapstock is a large-tonnage waste of the oil and fat industry, the disposal of which is environmentally hazardous. Processing of soapstock into industrially valuable products, in particular, fatty acids, is promising. The method for producing fatty acids, which consists in sequential saponification of soapstock with sodium hydroxide solution, salting out with sodium chloride and decomposition with sulfuric acid solution has been investigated. The feature of this work is the study of the effect of salting out conditions of saponified soapstock on the yield and neutralization number of fatty acids. As an experimental sample, sunflower soapstock was used, the indicators of which correspond to DSTU 5033 (CAS 68952-95-4): mass fraction of total fat – 67.3 %, fatty acids – 61.8 %, neutral fat – 5.5 %. Soapstock was subjected to preliminary saponification under the following conditions: duration 85 min., concentration of sodium hydroxide solution 45 %. After that, the saponified mass was subjected to salting out. The obtained core soap was decomposed with the sulfuric acid solution under the following conditions: temperature 90 °C, duration 40 min. Rational salting out conditions were determined: duration (80 min.) and sodium chloride concentration (16%). Under these conditions, the fatty acid yield is 95.0 %, the neutralization number is 194.8 mg KOH/g. The resulting fatty acids comply with DSTU 4860 (CAS 61788-66-7): the mass fraction of moisture and volatiles is 0.85 %, the mass fraction of total fat is 98.9 %, cleavage depth is 94.2 % oleic acid. This method of soapstock processing increases the fatty acid yield by 3.5 % compared to the method with saponification and decomposition, by 20.3 % compared to the method of soapstock decomposition with sulfuric acid. At the same time, the neutralization number increases by 4.1 % and 8.2 %, respectively. The improved method for fatty acids producing from soapstock provides high- quality fatty acids with increased yield.

scholarly journals Phase Equilibria and Salting Out of Butyric Acid in the Sodium Chloride – Water – Butyric Acid Ternary System

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-156
Author(s):  
Dmitry G. Cherkasov ◽  
◽  
Anna V. Hrykina ◽  
Valeriy A. Umetchikov ◽  
Maksim P. Smotrov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Ternary System ◽  
Phase Equilibria ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Chloride Water

THE APPLICATION OF 8-HYDROXYQUINOLINE TO THE ANALYSIS OF ALUMINIUM ALLOYS: DETERMINATION OF MAGNESIUM IN THE PRESENCE OF MANGANESE AND NICKEL

1945 ◽  
Vol 23b (5) ◽  
pp. 183-193
Author(s):  
Paul E. Gagnon ◽  
Henri Shehyn
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Aluminium Alloys ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Co Precipitation ◽  
Short Method

The application of the precipitation of magnesium with oxine in tartro–sodic medium to the analysis of aluminium alloys has been studied from the standpoint of possible interference from other constituents of the alloys and especially manganese and nickel. In the presence of manganese in amounts not exceeding 8.0 mgm. per 100 ml. of solution, magnesium can be successfully determined provided sodium chloride is not present. With amounts of sodium chloride exceeding 6 gm. and manganese over 6 mgm. per 100 ml. of solution, a salting-out of manganese oxinate definitely takes place which leads to high results for magnesium. This interference can be eliminated by preventing the formation of appreciable amounts of sodium chloride by evaporating off hydrochloric acid before adjusting the pH for the precipitation of magnesium oxinate. Nickel in amounts exceeding 2.5 mgm. per 100 ml. of solution interferes by co-precipitation of nickel oxinate, which is adsorbed on the magnesium oxinate and finally leads to high values for magnesium. For this reason, nickel must be removed by means of an ammonium sulphide separation for which a short method is described. With these modifications the precipitation of magnesium with oxine in tartro–sodic medium provides a rapid and accurate method of determining this element in aluminium alloys.

Interpretation of the Change in Optimal Salinity With Overall Surfactant Concentration

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (06) ◽  
pp. 971-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
George J. Hirasaki
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Phase Behavior ◽  
Surfactant Concentration ◽  
Equilibrium Composition ◽  
Chemical Flooding ◽  
Alkyl Ether ◽  
Divalent Ions ◽  
Optimal Salinity ◽  
Phase Rule ◽  
Compositional Simulator

Abstract Background. For chemical flooding formulations, optimal salinity changes with overall surfactant concentration when the phase behavior is observed in test tubes. Applying these observations to the mathematical simulator is questionable because chromatographic mechanisms during displacement through porous media result in different compositions. Purpose. This work sought the mechanism for the observed change so that calculated optimal salinity can be expressed through the appropriate intensive variable rather than overall surfactant concentration. Method. Association of the alcohol has been described by partition coefficients for distribution of the alcohol among brine, oil, and surfactant. The alcohol was isopropanol (IPA), 1-butanol (NBA), or tertiary amyl alcohol (TAA) in the systems in which they were included and was used to represent a disulfonate in the system with Petrostep petroleum sulfonate. Association of sodium and divalent ions with surfactant has been described by the Donnan equilibrium model, which experimental observations show can be applied to microemulsions as well as to micelles. Conclusions. For the seven systems investigated, the change in optimal salinity is a function of (1) the alcohol associated with the surfactant and (2) the divalent ion fraction of the associated counterions. Introduction Reed and Healy reviewed the concept of optimal salinity for minimum inter-facial tension (IFT) and its relationship to phase behavior. They showed that, as a first approximation, phase behavior can be represented by electrolyte concentration and three pseudocomponents: brine, oil, and surfactant plus cosolvent. If the system actually contains three components plus sodium chloride, optimal salinity should be independent of overall surfactant concentration and WOR. However. in the system Reed and Healy investigated, optimal salinity changed with overall surfactant concentration and WOR, which indicates that the system did not contain just sodium chloride plus three additional components. To handle this problem, Vinatieri and Fleming suggested using regression analysis to determine the best set of pseudocomponents. Then alcohol can be included with the oil and brine as pseudocomponents. Blevins et al. examined the phase behavior of a quaternary system (with brine as a pseudocomponent) by examining pseudoternary planes on a quaternary diagram. Glover et al. showed that the change in optimal salinity of a system containing divalent ions can be modeled by (1) considering the equilibrium composition of the brine, and (2) describing optimal salinity as a linear function of the concentration of divalent ions associated with the sulfonate. They assumed that NEODOL 25-3S did not associate divalent ions. (NEODOL 25-3S is a sodium salt of C12-C15 alkyl ether sulfate, with an average ethylene oxide number of three. Hereafter in this paper it is abbreviated as N253S.) Pope and Nelson showed that phase behavior and IFT's can be modeled in a compositional simulator when optimal salinity and the upper and lower limits of the Type III environment are known. The purpose of this work is to model alcohol or multiple surfactant components and divalent ions so that they can be included in a compositional simulator. Thermodynamic Analysis The Gibbs phase rule is used to show that a four-component system of pure oil, surfactant, water, and NaCl has an optimal salinity that does not depend on overall surfactant concentration. SPEJ P. 971^

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