scholarly journals BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN REGENERATION AS INFLUENCED BY INFECTION, DIGESTIVE DISTURBANCES, THYROID, AND FOOD PROTEINS

1937 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Madden ◽  
P. M. Winslow ◽  
J. W. Rowland ◽  
G. H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
The Body ◽  
Potency Ratio ◽  
Blood Plasma Protein ◽  
Diet Intake

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding, with return of washed red cells (plasmapheresis), it is possible to bring dogs to a steady state of low plasma protein in the circulation and a uniform plasma protein production on a basal diet. Such dogs become test subjects by which the effect of various factors on plasma protein regeneration can be measured. Dogs previously the subjects of plasmapheresis, during long rest periods appear to increase their stores of plasma protein building materials and their blood plasma protein concentrations above former normal levels. A sterile abscess (turpentine) induces a marked reduction in plasma protein regeneration in these test dogs consuming an ample basal diet. The sharp reduction during the initial 24 hours may in part reflect an extravasation of plasma protein into the injured tissue but there also appears to develop a true disturbance of the mechanism which produces plasma proteins. Digestive disturbances interfere seriously with plasma protein production. Whereas large quantities of live yeast upset digestion and form no plasma protein, autoclaved yeast is well utilized, having a potency ratio of 4.4. Amino acids have been tested inadequately. A mixture of cystine, glutamic acid, and glycine does seem to have a definite effect upon protein metabolism and plasma protein production. Iron, under the conditions of these experiments, does not influence the output of plasma proteins. Liver extract (parenteral) is also inert. The proteins of red blood cells when added to the diet are poorly utilized for plasma protein formation and show a potency ratio of only 10.1. Kidney protein added to the kidney basal diet shows a potency ratio of about 5 as compared with 4.6 for that basal diet. A digest of beef stomach and rice polishings shows a potency ratio of about 7.9. Dried powdered serum shows a potency ratio of 3.5, which is much less than fresh serum (2.6). Powdered thyroid fed in doses sufficient to accelerate body metabolism shows no distinct effect upon plasma protein production not attributable to the protein in the thyroid powder itself. Long periods (25 to 30 weeks) of plasma depletion and basal diet intake remove much protein from body fluids and tissues. Associated with this protein depletion the dog loses its appetite and may vomit some food. There is loss of hair, a tendency to skin ulceration, and a distinct lowering of resistance to infection. The plasma protein output may fall to fasting levels in spite of food intake sufficient to maintain weight. We believe this condition to be a deficiency state related to severe depletion of the essential protein matrix of the body cells.

scholarly journals BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN REGENERATION CONTROLLED BY DIET

1935 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. T. Pommerenke ◽  
H. B. Slavin ◽  
D. H. Kariher ◽  
G. H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Potency Ratio ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Clinical Conditions

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding, with return of washed red cells (plasmapheresis) it is possible to bring the dog to a steady state of low plasma protein and uniform plasma protein production on a basal diet. Such dogs are excellent test subjects by which the potency of various diet factors for plasma protein regeneration can be measured. To regenerate plasma proteins in any significant amount the depleted dog requires food protein. Some proteins are very potent for new plasma protein production and others are utilized poorly. Beef serum is very potent and its proteins (2.6 gm.) will produce 1 gm. of new plasma protein in the depleted dog—a potency ratio of 2.6. Kidney protein stands at the bottom of our list and the dog needs 21 gm. of kidney protein to regenerate 1 gm. of plasma protein—a potency ratio of 21.0. Some grain proteins approximate the potency of beef serum and may show potency ratios of 2.7 to 4.6. Some of these grain proteins appear to favor the production of globulin more than albumin in the plasma. Skeletal muscle, gizzard (smooth muscle), lactalbumin and egg white fall into a favorable group with a potency ratio of 5.3 to 6.0. Whole liver, liver fractions, casein, and beef heart are a little less potent and present potency ratios of 6.5 to 8.0. Many of these food substances favor the production of albumin more than globulin. Pancreas and salmon muscle show less favorable potency ratios of 19.0 and 15.0 respectively. Fasting periods indicate that these depleted dogs can produce little if any new plasma protein. Iron feeding in some unexplained manner will influence body metabolism so that an excess of plasma protein will be produced. These observations have a bearing on clinical conditions associated with hypoproteinemia and give suggestions for diet aid or control in some of these abnormal states. The make-up of the diet is obviously of great interest and it is possible that protein combinations may be more potent than a single protein or that food potency ratios may differ in health and disease.

scholarly journals CASEIN DIGESTS PARENTERALLY UTILIZED TO FORM BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN

1941 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 727-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Madden ◽  
L. J. Zeldis ◽  
A. D. Hengerer ◽  
L. L. Miller ◽  
A. P. Rowe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Clinically Normal ◽  
Blood Plasma Proteins ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Protein Output ◽  
Uniform Plasma

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding with return of the washed red cells (plasmapheresis) it is possible to bring dogs to a steady state of hypoproteinemia and a uniform plasma protein production on a basal diet limited in protein. Such dogs are clinically normal but have a lowered resistance to infection and certain intoxications. Casein digests given by vein or subcutaneously to such plasma depleted dogs are effective in promoting abundant new plasma protein production. Casein digest L by vein is equivalent to whole liver of like protein equivalence by mouth. The ratio of new plasma protein production to protein intake is 20 to 25 per cent in both instances. Casein digest L by vein gives the same response in plasma protein output as the same digest by mouth. Protein digest X by vein requires addition of tryptophane and cysteine to be effective in plasma protein production. The added cysteine sulfur is more than 95 per cent retained by the dog. The speed of digest injection has no effect on its utilization, within the range tested. Casein digest L given by vein to non-depleted dogs is less well utilized than in dogs depleted of plasma protein.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN RETENTION UPON THE REGENERATION OF PLASMA PROTEINS

1940 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Holman ◽  
J. Gilmer Mebane
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Renal Injury ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Clinical Observation ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Blood Plasma Protein ◽  
Uranium Nitrate ◽  
Per Se

1. Because of the clinical observation that the capacity to form new plasma proteins is sometimes impaired in cases of nephritis (2), experiments were performed to determine whether the impaired function in the nephritic is related to nitrogen retention. 2. These experiments consisted of producing renal injury by injecting uranium nitrate into standard hypoproteinemic dogs and comparing the rate of blood plasma protein formation under these conditions of nitrogen retention with that in the uninjured dog. 3. Despite elevations in blood N.P.N. to more than ten times normal, no interference with plasma protein formation was observed. These elevations in N.P.N. affected principally the urea and undetermined fractions. 4. Neither elevation in N.P.N. nor proteinuria per se appears to have any effect upon plasma protein production. Possibly the deficient production of plasma proteins in the nephritic is related to a more general disturbance in metabolism in which the elevation in N.P.N. is secondary.

scholarly journals BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN REGENERATION AS INFLUENCED BY FASTING, INFECTION, AND DIET FACTORS

1938 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 675-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Madden ◽  
W. E. George ◽  
G. S. Waraich ◽  
H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Building Material ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Low Protein

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding, with return of the washed red cells (plasmapheresis) it is possible to bring dogs to a steady state of hypoproteinemia and a uniform plasma protein production on a basal low protein diet. These dogs are clinically normal with normal appetite, no anemia and normal nitrogen metabolism. These dogs become test subjects by which various factors relating to plasma protein production may be tested. The normal dog (10 to 13 kg.) has a substantial reserve store of plasma protein building material (10 to 60+ gm.) which requires 2 to 6 weeks plasmapheresis for its complete removal. After this period the dog will produce uniform amounts of plasma protein each week on a fixed basal diet. Dogs previously depleted by plasmapheresis and then permitted to return to normal during a long rest period of many weeks, may show much higher reserve stores of protein building material in subsequent periods of plasma depletion (see Table 1). Under uniform conditions of low protein diet intake when plasmapheresis is discontinued for 2 weeks the plasma protein building material is stored quantitatively in the body and can subsequently be recovered (Table 4) in the next 2 to 3 weeks of plasmapheresis. Given complete depletion of plasma protein building reserve stores the dog can produce very little (2± gm. per week) plasma protein on a protein-free diet. This may be related to the wear and tear of body protein and conservation of these split products. Abscesses produced in a depleted dog during a fast may cause some excess production of plasma protein which is probably related to products of tissue destruction conserved for protein anabolism. Gelatin alone added to the basal diet causes very little plasma protein production but when supplemented by tryptophane gives a large protein output, while tryptophane alone is inert.

scholarly journals BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN REGENERATION CONTROLLED BY DIET

1936 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. McNaught ◽  
V. C. Scott ◽  
F. M. Woods ◽  
G. H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Sharp Drop ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Blood Plasma Proteins ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
Uniform Plasma

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding, with return of washed red cells (plasmapheresis), it is possible to bring the dog to a steady state of low plasma protein in the circulation and a uniform plasma protein production on a basal diet. These dogs become test subjects by which the potency of various diet factors for plasma protein regeneration can be measured. Plant and grain proteins are quite well utilized to form new plasma protein in these test dogs but soy bean meal probably should be rated at the head of this list. It is utilized with unexpected promptness and favors the production of albumin in contrast to other plant proteins which distinctly favor globulin production. Long plasmapheresis periods on basal rations rich in grain proteins lower the resistance of these animals to infection. Spleen, brain, and stomach when fed with the basal diet in these test dogs show less favorable potency ratios—10.2, 11.8, and 13.6 respectively. This means the grams of tissue protein which must be fed to produce 1 gm. of new plasma protein. Fasting periods indicate that the dog can contribute only 4 to 6 gm. of plasma protein each week—an insignificant contribution presumably derived from the host's tissue proteins. Infection and intoxication disturb the plasma protein production of these standardized dogs and may reduce the output of plasma proteins to very low levels in spite of considerable food intake. There may be a very sharp drop in the plasma protein level during the first day of intoxication (Dog 33-324). Some of these observations may be of value in a study of clinical conditions associated with hypoproteinemia.

scholarly journals BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN PRODUCTION AS INFLUENCED BY AMINO ACIDS

1939 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 721-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Madden ◽  
W. A. Noehren ◽  
G. S. Waraich ◽  
G. H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Liver Protein ◽  
Clinically Normal

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding with return of the washed red blood cells (plasmapheresis) it is possible to bring dogs to a steady state of hypoproteinemia and a uniform plasma protein production on a basal low protein diet. These dogs are clinically normal. By the introduction of variables into their standardized existence insight into the formation of plasma proteins can be obtained. The liver basal diet maintains health in such hypoproteinemic dogs during periods as long as a year. 17 to 27 per cent of its protein content (entirely liver protein) is presumably converted into plasma protein. Gelatin alone added to the liver basal diet causes very little if any extra plasma protein production. The addition to gelatin of cystine, or tyrosine, or tryptophane, or of both tyrosine and tryptophane has little or no effect on its potency for plasma protein production. When gelatin is supplemented by cystine and either tryptophane or tyrosine, 25 to 40 per cent of the protein content of the combination is converted into plasma protein—an efficiency equaling that of any protein hitherto tested. Preliminary experiments indicate that methionine cannot substitute for cystine nor can phenylalanine substitute for tyrosine in the efficient combination of gelatin plus cystine plus tyrosine. Laked red blood cells given by vein afford little or no material for plasma protein formation. When the reserve stores of plasma protein building material are exhausted the dog can form little if any plasma protein during protein-free diet periods.

Blood plasma protein and lipid profile changes in calves during the first week of life

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Herosimczyk ◽  
A. Lepczyński ◽  
M. Ożgo ◽  
A. Dratwa-Chałupnik ◽  
K. Michałek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
White Variety ◽  
Blood Plasma Protein ◽  
Apolipoprotein A ◽  
Peptide Mass ◽  
Profile Changes

Abstract The present study was undertaken to determine blood plasma protein and lipid profile changes in healthy Polish Holstein-Fresian calves of Black-and-White variety. Blood was drawn immediately after birth, before first colostrum intake and at the 3rd, 6th, 12th, 24th, 36th, 48th and 72nd hour of life. Subsequent four blood samples were collected at 24 hour intervals until the 7th day of life. Plasma proteins within the isoelectric point ranging from 3.0 to 10.0 were separated using high resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis. Among the 74 protein spots detected and analyzed, 16 were significantly altered during the first week of life. Differentially expressed spots were excised from the gels and subjected to peptide mass fingerprinting using MALDI-TOF MS. In total, 12 spots were successfully identified, which correspond to three proteins, namely: apolipoprotein A-I, apolipoprotein A-IV and fibrinogen gamma-B chain. A gradual increase in plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol values was shown during the first seven days of calves life. The lowest concentration of these indicators were observed at birth and was followed by a rapid increase during the first week of postnatal life. These changes appear to be related to the transition in energy sources, from a maternal nutrient supply comprising mainly carbohydrates and amino acids to a diet which was rich in fat - colostrum and milk. This was reflected by the intense up-regulation of plasma proteins related with lipid transport and lipoprotein metabolism during the first week of life.

scholarly journals BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION

1940 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Madden ◽  
C. A. Finch ◽  
W. G. Swalbach ◽  
G. H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Liver Protein ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Body Protein

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding with return of the washed red blood cells (plasmapheresis) it is possible to bring dogs to a steady state of hypoproteinemia and a uniform plasma protein production on a basal low protein diet. These dogs are clinically normal. Introduction of variables into their standardized life gives insight into the production of plasma protein. Casein retested as the basal protein in the ration may show high yield of plasma protein, equal to 33 per cent of the protein fed. This equals the potency of liver protein (17 to 33 per cent) and approaches the utilization of plasma protein by mouth (40 per cent). Zein has no effect upon plasma protein regeneration but when it is supplemented with cystine, tryptophane, lysine, and glycine, there is a doubling of the liver basal plasma protein production and a retention of the fed protein nitrogen. Threonine does not modify the above reaction. Liver protein supplemented with cystine, leucine, glutamic acid, and glycine in the basal diet yields double the amount of new formed plasma protein compared with liver alone. This combination is then as potent as plasma protein itself when given by mouth—40 per cent utilization. Tyrosine or lysine, arginine, and isoleucine do not modify the above responses. Methionine is not as effective as cystine in supplementing gelatin and tyrosine to produce plasma protein. Cystine, leucine, and glutamic acid appear to be of primary importance in the building of new plasma protein in these experiments. Plasma protein formation is dependent upon materials coming from the body reserve and from the diet. Given an exhaustion of the reserve store there is very little plasma protein produced during a protein fast (3 to 6 gm. per week). A turpentine abscess does not modify this fasting plasma protein reaction. Homologous plasma given by vein will promptly correct experimental hypoproteinemia due to bleeding. It will maintain nitrogen equilibrium and replenish protein stores. Even during hypoproteinemia plasma protein may promptly pass out of the circulation to supply body needs for protein. Perhaps the most significant concept which derives from all these experiments is the fluidity of the body protein (including plasma protein)—a ready give and take between the protein depots—a "dynamic equilibrium" of body protein.

scholarly journals BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN REGENERATION CONTROLLED BY DIET

1934 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Holman ◽  
Earle B. Mahoney ◽  
George H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Liver Protein ◽  
Total Plasma Protein ◽  
Albumin Production ◽  
Blood Plasma Proteins ◽  
The Given ◽  
Protein Output

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding and return of the washed red cells (plasmapheresis) the regeneration of new plasma proteins can be controlled at will by diet. The amount and character of protein intake is all important. Liver protein and casein are efficient proteins to promote rapid regeneration of plasma proteins but some vegetable proteins are also efficient. The blood plasma proteins are reduced by plasmapheresis close to the edema level (3.5–4.0 per cent) and kept at this level by suitable exchanges almost daily. The amount of plasma protein removed is credited to the given diet period. A basal ration is used which is poor in vegetable protein (potato) and contains no animal protein. The dog on this ration can be kept in nitrogen balance but can produce only about 2 gm. plasma protein per kilo body weight per week. With liver or casein feeding this production can be increased three- or fourfold. A reserve of protein building material can be demonstrated in the normal dog when its plasma proteins are depleted. In the first 3 weeks of depletion this reserve in excess of the final basal output may amount to 3–20 gm. protein. This may be stored at least in part in the liver. As much as 50 per cent of this reserve may be albumin or albumin producing material. A reversal of the albumin-globulin ratio may be observed on the basal diet alone. The reversal will always follow plasmapheresis with the dog on the basal diet and the total plasma protein output will consist approximately of 2 parts globulin and 1 part albumin. Liver diet will raise the production and output of albumin and bring the ratio back toward normal. Albumin production may actually exceed the globulin output during liver diet periods. The change is less conspicuous with casein but in the same direction.

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