scholarly journals PRODUCTION OF HEMORRHAGIC NECROTIC SKIN LESIONS IN THE RABBIT BY MEANS OF HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE AND HEMOPHILUS PERTUSSIS

1937 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Witebsky ◽  
Heinz Salm
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Wall ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Skin Area ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Rabbit Skin ◽  
Hemophilus Influenzae

1. The intradermal injection of H. influenzae in the abdominal wall of rabbits induces inflammation, frequently combined with a central pustule. The corresponding injection of H. pertussis causes a bluish violet discoloration of the skin area involved which undergoes slight hemorrhagic necrotic changes within a few days. 2. The intravenous injection of living H. influenzae, 24 hours after the intradermal inoculation with living H. influenzae, is able to transform the respective skin areas into severe hemorrhagic necrotic lesions within 3 to 5 hours. 3. Heat-killed H. influenzae, if injected intravenously, may produce hemorrhagic-necrotic lesions in areas previously prepared with living or heat-killed H. influenzae. 4. H. pertussis, if injected intravenously, may cause, perhaps to a lesser extent, hemorrhagic necrotic lesions in skin areas 24 hours previously injected with H. influenzae. 5. The normal course of the infection of rabbit skin with H. pertussis is not, or not essentially, influenced by intravenous reinjection of living or killed H. influenzae or H. pertussis. 6. The agar washing filtrate of B. typhosus, if injected intravenously, can produce hemorrhagic necrotic lesions in rabbit skin prepared intracutaneously with living as well as with heat-killed H. influenzae. The intravenous injection of B. typhosus agar washing filtrate has no influence on areas prepared with H. pertussis. 7. Conversely, H. influenzae as well as H. pertussis, if injected intravenously, are able to produce hemorrhagic necrotic lesions in rabbit skin prepared 24 hours previously with B. typhosus agar washing filtrate. 8. The effectiveness of suspensions of H. influenzae apparently is confined to the bacteria themselves rather than to the supernatant fluids. This does not exclude the possibility of producing effective exotoxins under special experimental conditions.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE GENERALIZED SHWARTZMAN REACTION

1952 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 625-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Good ◽  
Lewis Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Trypan Blue ◽  
Nitrogen Mustard ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Cortical Necrosis ◽  
Single Intravenous Injection ◽  
Shwartzman Reaction ◽  
Kidney Lesions ◽  
Local Shwartzman Reaction

Intravenous injection of thorotrast or trypan blue rendered rabbits susceptible to the production of bilateral cortical necrosis of the kidneys by a single intravenous injection of small amounts of meningococcal or Serratia marcescens toxin. This reaction was not produced when thorotrast or trypan blue were injected after toxin had been given. A single intradermal injection of toxin produced hemorrhagic skin lesions resembling the local Shwartzman reaction in rabbits given thorotrast 6 hours previously. These animals also developed bilateral cortical necrosis of the kidneys. When the order of injection was reversed, and thorotrast given after toxin, neither skin nor kidney lesions occurred. The skin and kidney lesions in thorotrast-treated rabbits were, like the local and generalized Shwartzman reactions, completely prevented by treatment with nitrogen mustard, in doses sufficient to produce polymorphonuclear leukopenia. The significance of these reactions, and their relationship to the previously described response to toxin in cortisone-treated rabbits, are discussed.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF THE SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON

1949 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 461-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis Thomas ◽  
Chandler A. Stetson
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Aerobic Glycolysis ◽  
Normal Skin ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Anaerobic Glycolysis ◽  
Rabbit Skin ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Shwartzman Phenomenon

Rabbit skin which is prepared for the Shwartzman phenomenon by an intradermal injection of meningococcal toxin exhibits, in vitro, a high degree of aerobic glycolysis. This metabolic abnormality is reflected, in vivo, by a measurable increase in the concentration of lactic acid in the prepared skin. Some increase in anaerobic glycolysis also occurs in prepared skin; this is of less degree than the increase in aerobic glycolysis. The respiratory quotient of prepared skin tends to be somewhat higher than that of normal skin, although the oxygen uptake is not significantly altered. Gross hemorrhagic lesions which resemble the Shwartzman phenomenon are produced by the intradermal injection of papain into rabbits which have received an intravenous injection of meningococcal toxin 1 hour previously. Such hemorrhagic reactions are not observed when papain is injected into normal rabbit skin. Similarly, hemorrhagic lesions are produced by the intradermal injection of cysteine and BAL, following an intravenous injection of meningococcal toxin. An hypothesis to explain the Shwartzman phenomenon, which implicates tissue protease in the damage to the blood vessels of the skin, is proposed.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF RABBIT POX

1936 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ch'uan-K'uei Hu ◽  
Paul D. Rosahn ◽  
Louise Pearce
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Skin Area ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Specific Relationship ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The One

Experiments are reported in which it was shown that rabbits which had recovered from experimental or spontaneous rabbit pox were refractory to inoculation of pox virus injected by various routes, and in addition did not develop clinical manifestations of the disease under conditions of exposure to florid cases of pox. It was found that pox recovered rabbits were susceptible to inoculation with the virus of virus III disease of rabbits and that virus III recovered rabbits could be successfully inoculated with pox virus. Furthermore, virus III recovered rabbits developed pox when subjected to room exposure in the same manner as did normal rabbits. It thus appears that there is no specific relationship between the two viruses. Rabbits which had recovered from experimental or spontaneous pox were found to be just as susceptible to inoculation with the virus of infectious myxoma of rabbits as were normal rabbits, a result which demonstrates that there is no specific relationship between these viruses. Rabbits which had recovered from experimental or spontaneous pox were refractory to inoculation with culture dermovaccine virus, but vaccine recovered rabbits were not completely refractory to inoculation with pox virus. Under conditions of exposure to clinical cases of pox, adult vaccine immune rabbits did not develop clinical manifestations of pox, but young, recently weaned vaccinated rabbits did contract mild but definite clinical pox. Experimental pox recovered rabbits were partially refractory to inoculation with neurovaccine virus and neurovaccine recovered rabbits were partially refractory to inoculation with pox virus. The refractory condition of the pox immune rabbits appeared to be more pronounced than that of the neurovaccine immunes. The cutaneous lesions which developed from the intradermal injection of pox, neurovaccine, and culture vaccine viruses showed definite differences with respect to the rate and persistence of active growth, amount of edema, hemorrhage, and necrosis, and the degree of tissue destructiveness. These features were most pronounced in the lesions of pox virus and were least marked in the lesions of culture vaccine virus. The differences were particularly apparent in normal rabbits, but they were also present in the lesions which developed in immune animals. It was found that the calf was susceptible to inoculation with pox virus applied to a scarified skin area. There were many similarities in the appearance and course of the pox lesions to those resulting from culture vaccine virus, the New York Board of Health vaccine, and neurovaccine virus similarly inoculated. But the pox lesions were most numerous, much the largest and most destructive, and by far the most persistent while next in order were those of the Board of Health dermovaccine. The results of these various experiments showed that a close relationship obtains between pox virus, on the one hand, and vaccine virus and neurovaccine virus, on the other, but it cannot be said that pox virus is identical in all respects with either one of these viruses. The findings indicated that the relationship between pox and neurovaccine viruses is closer than that between pox and culture vaccine viruses. Upon the basis of the results observed in culture (dermo) vaccine immune rabbits inoculated with or exposed to pox, it appeared that vaccination with vaccine virus offered a method of protection against rabbit pox.

scholarly journals Low Back Pain in Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Diagnosis Not to Miss!

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-189
Author(s):  
Benjamin Schnebert ◽  
Véronique del Marmol ◽  
Farida Benhadou
Keyword(s):  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Hidradenitis Suppurativa ◽  
Combined Therapy ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Skin Area ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
The Right ◽  
Altered Sensitivity

We report the case of a patient suffering from hidradenitis suppurativa since puberty and complaining of chronic low back pain associated to altered sensitivity and muscular weakness in the right leg. A diagnosis of lumbosciatica was confirmed. Symptoms were not relieved after the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesics. A surgical decompression was then indicated but heavily debated. Indeed, extended inflammatory and fibrotic hidradenitis suppurativa lesions were located regarding the skin area eligible for the proposed surgery. A combined therapy with clindamycine/rifampicin was started and the surgery was postponed. A complete remission of the articular symptoms was observed 1 month after the start of the antibiotherapy and the inflammatory skin lesions were greatly improved. With the presentation of this clinical case, we would like to discuss the spectrum of rheumatic disorders associated to hidradenitis suppurativa that needs to be correctly diagnosed and taken into consideration in the therapeutic management of the patient.

scholarly journals Differential inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte recruitmentin vivoby dextran sulphate and fucoidan

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 346-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Van Osselaer ◽  
M. Rampart ◽  
A. G. Herman
Keyword(s):  
Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Dextran Sulphate ◽  
Differential Inhibition ◽  
Rabbit Skin ◽  
Sulphated Polysaccharides ◽  
Independent Mechanism ◽  
Plasma Leakage

The selectin-mediated rolling of leukocytes along the endothelial cells is a prerequisite step followed by firm adhesion and extravasation into the inflamed tissue. This initial contact can be suppressed by sulphated polysaccharides. We have studied the effect of sulphated polysaccharides on the ultimate polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) recruitment and plasma leakage in rabbit skin in response to intradermal injection of various inflammatory mediators. PMN infiltration evoked by various PMN chemoattractants (FMLP, C5a desArg, LTB4and IL-8) was significantly inhibited after intravenous injection of dextran sulphate (25 mg/kg), heparin (2 × 90 mg/kg) or fucoidan (1 mg/kg). PMN-dependent plasma leakage was equally well reduced by the different sulphated polymers. Vascular permeability induced by histamine or thrombin acting via a PMN-independent mechanism was not reduced. Fucoidan was the only polysaccharide able to suppress IL-1-induced PMN infiltration for 60–70%. Local administration of dextran sulphate had no effect on PMN-dependent plasma leakage. Differential inhibition of PMN recruitment was determined after injection of dextran sulphate or fucoidan depending on the type of insult. Therefore, these results suggest that different adhesion pathways are utilized during PMN recruitmentin vivoin response to chemoattractants and IL-1.

scholarly journals FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION OF IMMUNITY WITH PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE

1931 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvan L. Barach ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Positive Response ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Natural Course ◽  
Therapeutic Value ◽  
Immediate Reactions

1. Pneumococcus vaccine was administered to 29 patients with pneumonia to determine whether a state of immunity could be induced during the course of the disease. Twenty patients received an intravenous injection of pneumococcus vaccine or pneumococcus filtrate. Nine pneumonia patients received an intradermal injection of vaccine. Eight patients with miscellaneous disease received an intravenous or intradermal injection of pneumococcus vaccine. 2. Of 23 tests in which the serum of the patient was studied for the appearance of protective substance after intravenous injection of heterologous pneumococcus vaccine, 20 or 87 per cent showed a positive response within 6 days after the administration of the antigen. The average day of onset was 4.4 days after injection. 3. Of 9 tests of the same character following the intravenous injection of pneumococcus filtrate, 8 or 89 per cent showed a positive response. The average day of onset of protective substance was 5.6 days after injection. 4. The appearance of specific protective substance following heterologous injection of pneumococcus vaccine appeared to be due to the introduction of the vaccine and not to the natural course of the disease, as was shown by negative control experiments. 5. Of 24 tests with intradermal injection of vaccine, 10 or 42 per cent developed slight protective substance of irregular degree 4.5 days after injection. 6. No immediate reactions were observed following the intravenous or intradermal injection of pneumococcus vaccine. One chill occurred after injection of pneumococcus filtrate. Of 20 cases with intravenous injection of pneumococcus vaccine or filtrate, 2 died of their disease, one a case in which homologous vaccine was used and one in which heterologous vaccine was administered. 7. Conclusions concerning the therapeutic value of the introduction of pneumococcus vaccine in pneumonia must await further investigation. These studies demonstrate that specific protective substances generally appear 4 to 5 days after intravenous injection of pneumococcus vaccine during the course of lobar or bronchopneumonia.

scholarly journals Leprosy in a prison population: A new active search strategy and a prospective clinical analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. e0008917
Author(s):  
Fred Bernardes Filho ◽  
Jaci Maria Santana ◽  
Regina Coeli Palma de Almeida ◽  
Glauber Voltan ◽  
Natália Aparecida de Paula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Search Strategy ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Prison Population ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Clinical Analysis ◽  
Skin Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Active Search

Background This study evaluates an active search strategy for leprosy diagnosis based on responses to a Leprosy Suspicion Questionnaire (LSQ), and analyzing the clinical, immunoepidemiological and follow-up aspects for individuals living in a prison population. Methods A cross-sectional study based on a questionnaire posing 14 questions about leprosy symptoms and signs that was distributed to 1,400 prisoners. This was followed by dermatoneurological examination, anti-PGL-I serology and RLEP-PCR. Those without leprosy were placed in the Non-leprosy Group (NLG, n = 1,216) and those diagnosed with clinical symptoms of leprosy were placed in the Leprosy Group (LG, n = 34). Findings In total, 896 LSQ were returned (64%), and 187 (20.9%) of the responses were deemed as positive for signs/symptoms, answering 2.7 questions on average. Clinically, 1,250 (89.3%) of the prisoners were evaluated resulting in the diagnosis of 34 new cases (LG), based on well-accepted clinical signs and symptoms, a new case detection rate of 2.7% within this population, while the NLG were comprised of 1,216 individuals. The confinement time medians were 39 months in the LG while it was 36 months in the NLG (p>0.05). The 31 leprosy cases who responded to the questionnaire (LSQ+) had an average of 1.5 responses. The symptoms “anesthetized skin area” and “pain in nerves” were most commonly mentioned in the LG while “tingling, numbness in the hands/feet”, “sensation of pricks and needles”, “pain in nerves” and “spots on the skin” responses were found in more than 30% of questionnaires in the NLG. Clinically, 88.2% had dysesthetic macular skin lesions and 97.1% presented some peripheral nerve impairment, 71.9% with some degree of disability. All cases were multibacillary, confirming a late diagnosis. Anti-PGL-I results in the LG were higher than in the NLG (p<0.0001), while the RLEP-PCR was positive in 11.8% of the patients. Interpretation Our findings within the penitentiary demonstrated a hidden prevalence of leprosy, although the individuals diagnosed were likely infected while living in their former communities and not as a result of exposure in the prison. The LSQ proved to be an important screening tool to help identify leprosy cases in prisons.

Experimental Study of Therapeutic Efficacy of the Topical Preparation «Kourochitin» in Skin Allergy

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 1237-1244
Author(s):  
Anna Anatolievna Klimovich ◽  
Olga Nikolaevna Styshova ◽  
Alexander Mikhailovich Popov ◽  
Tatiana Vladimirovna Moskvina ◽  
Alexander Vasilevich Tsybulsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Efficacy ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Skin Area ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Allergic Skin ◽  
Curative Action ◽  
Macrophage Colony ◽  
Allergic Contact

Background: The researchers of PIBOC RAS developed the dermo-protective topical drug called «Kourochitin», active substance of which is known quinazoline alkaloid tryptanthrin. In the present work, therapeutic efficacy of this drug in the treatment of allergic dermatosis was evaluated. Methods: Dermo-protective action of «Kourochitin» was studied in tow murine models: 2, 4- dinitrofluorobenzene- induced allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and imiquimod-induced psoriasis. Results and Discussion: In a model ACD, it was shown that «Kourochitin» exhibits the curative action on pathophysiological, hematological and immunological parameters in ACD. Namely, «Kourochitin» 1) reduces the level of erythema in the allergen damaged skin area and increases the healing index of the epidermis; 2) normalizes the content of eosinophils, basophils and monocytes in the blood of experimental animals; 3) inhibits the production of main pro-inflammatory cytokines: interleukins - 1 and 2, interferon-gamma, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. In a murine model of imiquimod-induced psoriasis, it was shown that «Kourochitin» application led to reduction in psoriasis severity on the inflamed epidermis of experimental animals. Additionally, in veterinary research, «Kourochitin»-treatment of canine atopic dermatitis almost completely eliminated signs of allergic manifestations on the epidermis. Conclusion: The obtained data suggest that «Kourochitin» as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and wound healing remedy is a potential drug for therapy of various dermatological diseases, in particular allergic skin lesions.

scholarly journals AMINO ACID MIXTURES EFFECTIVE PARENTERALLY FOR LONG CONTINUED PLASMA PROTEIN PRODUCTION. CASEIN DIGESTS COMPARED

1944 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 607-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Madden ◽  
R. R. Woods ◽  
F. W. Shull ◽  
G. H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Good Utilization ◽  
Rapid Injection

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding with return of red cells suspended in saline (plasmapheresis) it is possible to bring dogs to a steady state of hypoproteinemia and a constant level of plasma protein production if the diet nitrogen intake is controlled and limited. Such dogs are outwardly normal but have a lowered resistance to infection and to certain intoxications. The ten growth essential amino acids of Rose plus glycine will maintain nitrogen balance and produce as much new plasma protein as will good diet proteins. This good utilization is demonstrated over periods of several months when the amino acids are given either orally or parenterally. There is no evidence of toxicity in general nor to unnatural forms of these synthetic amino acids in particular. Given parenterally appropriate mixtures of these amino acids are well tolerated even upon rapid injection. The minimal daily requirements for a 10 kilo dog may be given intravenously in 10 minutes without reaction. Subcutaneously a 10 per cent solution may be given rapidly without reaction. Among various mixtures tested Vt approximates a minimum for a 10 kilo dog. It contains in grams (dl-threonine 0.7, dl-valine 1.5, l-(-) leucine 1.5, dl-isoleucine 1.4, dl-lysine hydrochloride 1.5, l(-) tryptophane 0.4, dl-phenylalanine 1.0, dl-methionine 0.6, l(+)-histidine hydrochloride 0.5, l(+)-arginine hydrochloride 0.5, and glycine 1.0. The presence of glycine improves tolerance to rapid intravenous injection, but excess glycine does not improve utilization of the mixture. Over a long period this mixture appears suboptimal in quantity. Doubled it is more than ample. Of two casein digests tested the one prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis provided good nitrogen retention and fairly good plasma protein production but was much less tolerable upon intravenous injection than certain mixtures of pure amino acids. The other one prepared by acid hydrolysis and tryptophane fortification afforded bare nitrogen equilibrium and produced virtually no plasma protein. Skin lesions observed after 10 to 20 weeks of synthetic diet probably reflect a deficiency of some member or members of the vitamin B2 group. A persistent slight weight loss in the face of a strongly positive nitrogen balance may accompany this deficiency.

Dynamics of Besnoitia besnoiti infection in cattle

Parasitology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 141 (11) ◽  
pp. 1419-1435 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. ÁLVAREZ-GARCÍA ◽  
P. GARCÍA-LUNAR ◽  
D. GUTIÉRREZ-EXPÓSITO ◽  
V. SHKAP ◽  
L. M. ORTEGA-MORA
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Besnoitia Besnoiti ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response ◽  
Host Parasite

SUMMARYBovine besnoitiosis is caused by the cyst-forming apicomplexan parasite Besnoitia besnoiti. This disease progresses in two sequential phases: a febrile acute phase with oedemas and respiratory disorders, and a chronic phase characterized by the presence of subcutaneous tissue cysts and skin lesions. Serious consequences of the infection are poor body condition, sterility in bulls and eventual death. The role of host/parasite-dependent factors, which play a major role in the pathogenesis of the disease, is not yet fully elucidated. Isolate/strain virulence, parasite stage, dose and the route of parasite inoculation were studied under different experimental conditions, which make it difficult to compare the results. Data on host-dependent factors obtained from naturally infected cattle showed that (i) the seroprevalence of infection is similar in both sexes; (ii) seropositivity increases with age; (iii) both beef and dairy cattle are susceptible to the infection; and (iv) the cell-mediated immune response is likely to play a major role because a T cell response has been observed around several tissue cysts. Whether colostral antibodies are protective and to what extent the humoral immune response might reflect the disease/protection status require further research. Thus, a well-established experimental bovine model could help to clarify these important questions. The dynamics of B. besnoiti infection in cattle and available knowledge on relevant factors in the pathogenesis of the infection are reviewed in the present work.

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