scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE SUPRARENAL CORTEX

1936 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A. Harrop ◽  
William M. Nicholson ◽  
Margaret Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Renal Excretion ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Potassium Excretion ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Meat Diet ◽  
Diuretic Agents ◽  
Active Renal Excretion

1. The withdrawal of maintenance injections of the cortical hormone from the suprarenalectomized dog during balance experiments, in which a constant meat diet is given, with constant fluid and salt intake, is followed by increased urinary loss of sodium and chloride, and by retention of potassium and nitrogen. 2. Where the water intake is low, a definite diuresis usually accompanies this excretion of sodium and chloride, but where fluids are forced, no diuresis may be observed. 3. The reinjection of the cortical hormone in suprarenal insufficiency causes an active renal excretion of potassium which is greatly in excess of the probable extra accumulation of this component in the extracellular fluids during the period when insufficiency is developing. This potassium excretion is surmised to be sufficient to account for such an accumulation, if diffusible potassium is present in like concentration equally throughout all of the body water, intracellular as well as extracellular. The excretion of potassium is accompanied by a. corresponding excretion of phosphate and of nitrogen. 4. The excretion of electrolytes which is associated with withdrawal and with subsequent reinjection of suprarenal cortical hormone differs from the effects produced with various diuretic agents regarding which data are available. The effects produced by injection of the cortical hormone during suprarenal insufficiency, however, do resemble those produced with pituitrin, particularly in the greatly increased excretion of potassium relative to sodium, and in the coincidental dilution of the circulating blood. They suggest the possibility that the two similar effects may be ascribable to a common cause.

scholarly journals Feeding and Excretion in the Scorpion Paruroctonus Mesaensis: Water and Material Balance

1984 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-265
Author(s):  
STANLEY D. YOKOTA
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Fluid Uptake ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Pharyngeal Pumping ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Minimal Estimate

Scorpions feed by a process involving the external grinding and digestion of prey, with the ingestion of only the soluble fraction. The water obtained from the prey represents the most important source of water intake for scorpions inhabiting arid regions, placing great importance on the animals' ability to utilize prey water effectively. The scorpion Paruroctonus mesaensis (Stahnke) was found to ingest a mean of 88% of the body water of selected prey. However, the scorpion loses 0.37 ml of its own body water per ml of prey water extracted, resulting in a net water gain of 0.51 ml water for every ml of prey water. Fluid uptake by the scorpion has been ascribed to a pharyngeal pumping mechanism. Direct measurements of the suction generated by the pharynx yielded a minimal estimate of its pumping capability of 130mmHg. The uptake and excretion of nitrogen and electrolytes by Paruroctonus mesaensis on a diet of Tenebrio molitor adults were also analysed. Almost all the potassium ingested was excreted, whereas most of the sodium and chloride were retained, possibly serving to expand haemolymph volume. Assuming a steady state for nitrogen, it was estimated that the net utilizable water obtained from prey, that is the water intake minus the excretory water necessitated by nitrogen excretion, was equivalent to about 35% of the initial prey water or 69% of the water ingested.

EFFECTS OF WITHHOLDING FLUID IN THE IMMEDIATE POSTNATAL PERIOD

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-113
Author(s):  
JOHN D. L. HANSEN ◽  
CLEMENT A. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Weight Losses

These studies were undertaken primarily to evaluate the importance of fluid intake soon after birth and to determine whether consequences of its omission are modified by the relative excess of water in the body of the newborn infant. Weight losses, outputs of Na, K, Cl, N and water, and serum concentrations were investigated in nine infants receiving no intake for 72 hours after birth and in nine controls receiving approximately 50 cc. water/kg. daily. In seven other infants, 2.5 to 10% glucose was added to the water intake of the first three days. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. The amounts of electrolytes and nitrogen excreted in the urine were unaffected by water intake. Thus, infants of 36 weeks or more in gestational age excreted averages of about 0.3 mEq. of Na, 0.45 mEq. of K, 0.35 mEq. of Cl and 80 mg. N/kg. daily during three days after birth, whether or not water was provided. The average weight loss of 13% in three days without water intake as against 8% when water was given indicates the greater loss of body water necessitated if fluid is withheld. 2. Five infants of less than 35 weeks' gestational age excreted amounts of electrolytes 2 to 3 times larger (and somewhat larger amounts of nitrogen) per kg. of body weight than did the more mature infants. Again, the excretions were uninfluenced by water intake. The weight losses of these more premature infants were increased by omission of water intake to about the same degree as in the less premature or full-term ones similarly restricted. 3. In infants of all gestational ages studied, omission of water produced a rather uniform increase in urine concentration; the highest osmolarity of 680 mOsm./l. on the third day was in the urine of a premature infant. Concentrations of Na and Cl in the serum, and of B.U.N. rose in all infants not receiving water, again without regard to maturity. 4. The measurements obtained from infants were compared on the basis of surface area with values which have been established for adults. On this comparison, daily losses of body weight, and thus of body water, were approximately similar for infants and adults during fasting with and without water intake, but outputs of electrolytes by the infants were relatively reduced. 5. The provision of water and glucose to infants, either on the fourth day following birth, or instead of water alone during the first three days, resulted in conservation of body water, but no sodium- or nitrogen-sparing was demonstrated. While possible explanations of these various results are considered above, it seems reasonable to draw a few broad and clinically applicable conclusions here. The composition of the infant at birth affords no protection against the chemical consequences of water deprivation. Age-conditioned limitations in concentration of urine result in inefficient conservation of body water and, therefore, in the occurrence of hemoconcentration before it would take place in the adult. Although thus unable to maintain homeostasis, the clinically satisfactory status of the infants studied and their prompt return to normal serum concentrations after one subsequent day of water and glucose administration suggests their tolerance of three days without water intake. When fluid is given during the immediate postnatal period, the results of this study suggest that body water will be conserved if the fluid be glucose solution rather than plain water.

scholarly journals Triple Oxygen Isotope Measurements (Δ'17O) of Body Water Reflect Water Intake, Metabolism, and δ18O of Ingested Water in Passerines

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Sabat ◽  
Seth D. Newsome ◽  
Stephanie Pinochet ◽  
Roberto Nespolo ◽  
Juan Carlos Sanchez-Hernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Pool ◽  
Physiological Models ◽  
Passerine Species ◽  
Metabolic Water

Understanding physiological traits and ecological conditions that influence a species reliance on metabolic water is critical to creating accurate physiological models that can assess their ability to adapt to environmental perturbations (e.g., drought) that impact water availability. However, relatively few studies have examined variation in the sources of water animals use to maintain water balance, and even fewer have focused on the role of metabolic water. A key reason is methodological limitations. Here, we applied a new method that measures the triple oxygen isotopic composition of a single blood sample to estimate the contribution of metabolic water to the body water pool of three passerine species. This approach relies on Δ'17O, defined as the residual from the tight linear correlation that naturally exists between δ17O and δ18O values. Importantly, Δ'17O is relatively insensitive to key fractionation processes, such as Rayleigh distillation in the water cycle that have hindered previous isotope-based assessments of animal water balance. We evaluated the effects of changes in metabolic rate and water intake on Δ'17O values of captive rufous-collared sparrows (Zonotrichia capensis) and two invertivorous passerine species in the genus Cinclodes from the field. As predicted, colder acclimation temperatures induced increases in metabolic rate, decreases in water intake, and increases in the contribution of metabolic water to the body water pool of Z. capensis, causing a consistent change in Δ'17O. Measurement of Δ'17O also provides an estimate of the δ18O composition of ingested pre-formed (drinking/food) water. Estimated δ18O values of drinking/food water for captive Z. capensis were ~ −11‰, which is consistent with that of tap water in Santiago, Chile. In contrast, δ18O values of drinking/food water ingested by wild-caught Cinclodes were similar to that of seawater, which is consistent with their reliance on marine resources. Our results confirm the utility of this method for quantifying the relative contribution of metabolic versus pre-formed drinking/food water to the body water pool in birds.

Game domestication for animal production in Kenya: prediction of water intake from tritiated water turnover

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. King ◽  
P. O. Nyamora ◽  
M. R. Stanley-Price ◽  
B. R. Heath
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
East African ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Water Space ◽  
Metabolic Water

SummaryFive male animals of each of the following species, zebu, eland, small East African goat, fringe-eared oryx and Dorper sheep, were penned, and their water intake measured and metabolic water production estimated. The figures for water input were compared with simultaneous measurements of body-water turnover by liquid scintillation counting of tritiated water in plasma, following dioxane precipitation. It was found that the resultant regression was sufficiently linear with the intercept near zero to justify the use of a ratio to predict input from turnover. The tritiated water turnover overestimated the water input by an amount approximately equal to the overestimate of the body water pool by the tritiated water space. Although there was a considerable amount of variation in individual ratios which could not be explained, there was no significant difference in the mean ratios between species.

scholarly journals Positive and Negative Aspects of Sodium Intake in Dialysis and Non-Dialysis CKD Patients

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 951
Author(s):  
Yasuyuki Nagasawa
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Sodium Restriction ◽  
Dialysis Patients ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Volume Blood

Sodium intake theoretically has dual effects on both non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and dialysis patients. One negatively affects mortality by increasing proteinuria and blood pressure. The other positively affects mortality by ameliorating nutritional status through appetite induced by salt intake and the amount of food itself, which is proportional to the amount of salt under the same salty taste. Sodium restriction with enough water intake easily causes hyponatremia in CKD and dialysis patients. Moreover, the balance of these dual effects in dialysis patients is likely different from their balance in non-dialysis CKD patients because dialysis patients lose kidney function. Sodium intake is strongly related to water intake via the thirst center. Therefore, sodium intake is strongly related to extracellular fluid volume, blood pressure, appetite, nutritional status, and mortality. To decrease mortality in both non-dialysis and dialysis CKD patients, sodium restriction is an essential and important factor that can be changed by the patients themselves. However, under sodium restriction, it is important to maintain the balance of negative and positive effects from sodium intake not only in dialysis and non-dialysis CKD patients but also in the general population.

scholarly journals Amino Acid-Based Diet Prevents Lethal Infectious Diarrhea by Maintaining Body Water Balance in a Murine Citrobacter rodentium Infection Model

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1896
Author(s):  
Tatsuki Kimizuka ◽  
Natsumi Seki ◽  
Genki Yamaguchi ◽  
Masahiro Akiyama ◽  
Seiichiro Higashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Enteric Pathogen ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Intestinal Damage ◽  
Citrobacter Rodentium ◽  
Infectious Diarrhea ◽  
Important Health ◽  
Amino Acid Balance

Infectious diarrhea is one of the most important health problems worldwide. Although nutritional status influences the clinical manifestation of various enteric pathogen infections, the effect of diet on enteric infectious diseases remains unclear. Using a fatal infectious diarrheal model, we found that an amino acid-based diet (AD) protected susceptible mice infected with the enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. While the mice fed other diets, including a regular diet, were highly susceptible to C. rodentium infection, AD-fed mice had an increased survival rate. An AD did not suppress C. rodentium colonization or intestinal damage; instead, it prevented diarrhea-induced dehydration by increasing water intake. An AD altered the plasma and fecal amino acid levels and changed the gut microbiota composition. Treatment with glutamate, whose level was increased in the plasma and feces of AD-fed mice, promoted water intake and improved the survival of C. rodentium-infected mice. Thus, an AD changes the systemic amino acid balance and protects against lethal infectious diarrhea by maintaining total body water content.

scholarly journals The Use of Infrared Spectrophotometry for Measuring Body Water Spaces

1999 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 1077-1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Jennings ◽  
Leslie Bluck ◽  
Antony Wright ◽  
Marinos Elia
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Infrared Spectrophotometry ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Novel Algorithm

Abstract Background: The conventional method of measuring total body water by the deuterium isotope dilution method uses gas isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), which is both expensive and time-consuming. We investigated an alternative method, using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), which uses less expensive instrumentation and requires little sample preparation. Method: Total body water measurements in human subjects were made by obtaining plasma, saliva, and urine samples before and after oral dosing with 1.5 mol of deuterium oxide. The enrichments of the body fluids were determined from the FTIR spectra in the range 1800–2800 cm−1, using a novel algorithm for estimation of instrumental response, and by IRMS for comparison. Results: The CV (n = 5) for repeat determinations of deuterium oxide in biological fluids and calibrator solutions (400–1000 μmol/mol) was found to be in the range 0.1–0.9%. The use of the novel algorithm instead of the integration routines supplied with the instrument gave at least a threefold increase in precision, and there was no significant difference between the results obtained with FTIR and those obtained with IRMS. Conclusion: This improved infrared method for measuring deuterium enrichment in plasma and saliva requires no sample preparation, is rapid, and has potential value to the clinician.

scholarly journals The body water compartments in women with preeclampsia in the peripartum period

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 20-23
Author(s):  
O.M. Klygunenko ◽  
O.О. Marzan
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
The Body ◽  
Severe Preeclampsia ◽  
Water Compartments ◽  
Total Fluid

Background. Preeclampsia in pregnant women is a threatening condition that causes significant water imbalance, particularly hyperhydration of the extracellular fluid compartment. The condition is the result of the main pathogenetic processes — endothelial dysfunction and the subsequent development of hypoproteinemia. The changes can be detected by measuring body water compartments. Objective: to investigate the effect of a standard intensive care on the body water compartment indicators in women with moderate to severe preeclampsia. Materials and methods. Ninety patients divided into three groups were examined: non-pregnant healthy women, pregnant women with healthy pregnancy, and women whose pregnancy was complicated by moderate to severe preeclampsia. Body water compartments were measured by non-invasive bioelectrical impedance analysis. Results. Pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia is accompanied by an increase in total fluid volume at 34–40 weeks due to an increase in both the extracellular and intracellular water compartments, but with a predominance of the extracellular compartment. By the 7th day of the postpartum period, there is a tendency to decrease the total fluid volume, however, interstitial and intracellular edema can be still observed. Conclusions. The results of the bioelectrical impe-dance analysis of the body water compartments show that additional methods of treatment are needed to correct the body water compartments in women with preeclampsia.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document