scholarly journals DOG PLASMA PROTEIN GIVEN BY VEIN UTILIZED IN BODY METABOLISM OF DOG

1935 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. T. Pommerenke ◽  
H. B. Slavin ◽  
D. H. Kariher ◽  
G. H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Cell Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Tissue Protein ◽  
Repair Tissue ◽  
Dog Plasma ◽  
Nitrogen Elimination ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Foreign plasma protein (horse) introduced parenterally into the protein fasting dog is not utilized in the body economy. Its fate appears to be disintegration and elimination as excess urinary nitrogen. This is totally different from the fate of dog plasma protein under similar conditions. Dog hemoglobin given parenterally to the protein fasting dog is not utilized as is dog plasma protein to keep the animal in nitrogen equilibrium but the globin is largely broken down and discarded as excess urinary nitrogen. A small part of the injected hemoglobin is probably utilized to maintain the red cell concentration in the blood at high levels. Dog plasma given parenterally in a protein fasting dog will maintain the dog in nitrogen equilibrium and there is no surplus nitrogen elimination in the after periods. It is apparent that the introduced plasma protein is utilized efficiently in body metabolism to replace or repair tissue protein. It is suggested that although this is an emergency reaction the same reactions may go on in normal internal metabolism. The observation that foreign plasma and dog hemoglobin cannot be utilized when given parenterally actually strengthens this last argument for a normal contribution from plasma proteins to body proteins.

scholarly journals CONVERSION OF PLASMA PROTEIN TO TISSUE PROTEIN WITHOUT EVIDENCE OF PROTEIN BREAKDOWN

1951 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 539-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Yuile ◽  
B. G. Lamson ◽  
L. L. Miller ◽  
G. H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Acid Level ◽  
Amino Acid Level ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protein Breakdown ◽  
Tissue Protein ◽  
Small Loss ◽  
Complete Breakdown

Labeled plasma proteins obtained from donor dogs, previously fed ϵ-C14-dl-lysine, have been given intravenously to recipient dogs. The disappearance of labeled globulin from the plasma at a rate considerably faster than albumin has been confirmed. Evidence suggesting that the mass of protein in solution in the extravascular, extracellular fluid is approximately equal to the plasma proteins in circulation has been derived from a study of the dilution of labeled plasma protein by repeated injections of non-labeled plasma protein. In a period of 7 days the transfer of C14 from plasma to tissue proteins amounted to between 30 and 40 per cent of the activity in the labeled plasma protein injected intravenously. The conversion was accompanied by a very small loss of activity in the urine and expired air and the activity remained in the lysine residue of the liver and probably of other tissues. The data presented favor the view that plasma proteins are utilized in the body economy after partial catabolism within the cell area and provide no evidence of complete breakdown to the amino acid level.

scholarly journals PROTEINURIA RELATED TO HYPERPROTEINEMIA IN DOGS FOLLOWING PLASMA GIVEN PARENTERALLY

1948 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 561-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Terry ◽  
David R. Hawkins ◽  
Edwin H. Church ◽  
G. H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Renal Threshold ◽  
Dog Plasma ◽  
Maximal Output ◽  
Plasma Protein Level ◽  
At Will

Proteinuria in normal dogs can be produced at will by parenteral injections of dog plasma. As the plasma injections are continued the plasma protein concentration rises and at some point protein begins to appear in the urine. The level of plasma protein concentration at which proteinuria appears in normal dogs ranges from 9.6 to 10.4 gm. per cent. This may be termed the renal threshold for proteinuria. Repeat experiments in the same dog show threshold levels to be practically identical. An interval of days (4 to 26 days) has been noted between the start of plasma protein injections and the appearance of the proteinuria. Larger doses of plasma shorten this interval and the critical plasma protein level is attained sooner. Considerable amounts of protein may appear in the urine—298 gm. protein during a 52 day period in one instance studied—yet the urine clears in 1 to 4 days after cessation of protein injections. Autopsy shows undamaged kidneys. Maximal levels of plasma protein concentration range from 10.0 to 11.5 gm. per cent. The highest levels are usually associated with maximal output of protein in the urine. It seems clear that plasma proteins readily pass cell barriers (or membranes) within the body, including the endothelium and epithelium of the renal glomerulus.

scholarly journals PARENTERAL PLASMA PROTEIN MAINTAINS NITROGEN EQUILIBRIUM OVER LONG PERIODS

1948 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 547-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Terry ◽  
William E. Sandrock ◽  
Robert E. Nye ◽  
G. H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Renal Threshold ◽  
Dog Plasma ◽  
Maximal Output ◽  
Plasma Protein Level ◽  
At Will

Proteinuria in normal dogs can be produced at will by parenteral injections of dog plasma. As the plasma injections are continued the plasma protein concentration rises and at some point protein begins to appear in the urine. The level of plasma protein concentration at which proteinuria appears in normal dogs ranges from 9.6 to 10.4 gm. per cent. This may be termed the renal threshold for proteinuria. Repeat experiments in the same dog show threshold levels to be practically identical. An interval of days (4 to 26 days) has been noted between the start of plasma protein injections and the appearance of the proteinuria. Larger doses of plasma shorten this interval and the critical plasma protein level is attained sooner. Considerable amounts of protein may appear in the urine—298 gm. protein during a 52 day period in one instance studied—yet the urine clears in 1 to 4 days after cessation of protein injections. Autopsy shows undamaged kidneys. Maximal levels of plasma protein concentration range from 10.0 to 11.5 gm. per cent. The highest levels are usually associated with maximal output of protein in the urine. It seems clear that plasma proteins readily pass cell barriers (or membranes) within the body, including the endothelium and epithelium of the renal glomerulus.

scholarly journals RAIDING OF BODY TISSUE PROTEIN TO FORM PLASMA PROTEIN AND HEMOGLOBIN

1947 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Whipple ◽  
L. L. Miller ◽  
F. S. Robscheit-Robbins
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Protein ◽  
Rapid Weight Loss ◽  
Blood Proteins ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Tissue Protein ◽  
Protein Output ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Dogs with sustained anemia and hypoproteinemia due to bleeding and a continuing low protein or protein-free diet with abundant iron will continue to produce much new hemoglobin and plasma protein for many weeks. The stimulus of double depletion (anemia and hypoproteinemia) leads to raiding of body and tissue protein to fill the demand for new hemoglobin and plasma protein. The blood proteins in these experiments take priority over the organ and tissue proteins. This is another illustration of the "ebb and flow" or dynamic equilibrium between organ or tissue protein and blood proteins. The average dog cannot tolerate this drain of double depletion for more than 7 to 11 weeks and during this time may lose 30 to 40 per cent of body weight. Some dogs are much more resistant to this raiding than others. Some dogs show a high blood protein output during every week up to the danger point. With the largest blood protein output one usually observes the most rapid weight loss. For every kilogram of weight loss we observe 50 to 140 gm. blood protein output. The weekly blood protein production ranges from 40 to 66 gm. These experiments make heavy demands on the body protein and we expected to record a "premortal rise" in urinary nitrogen. No such observations are noted, rather a most frugal use of all protein and minimum figures for urinary nitrogen. We suspect that "premortal rise" in many experiments means a terminal infection with the related catabolism of tissue protein and high urinary nitrogen.

scholarly journals CHANGES IN THE VOLUME OF PLASMA AND ABSOLUTE AMOUNT OF PLASMA PROTEINS IN NEPHRITIS

1924 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 921-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Linder ◽  
C. Lundsgaard ◽  
D. D. Van Slyke ◽  
E. Stillman
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
Low Protein

1. We have not observed gross increases in plasma volume in glomerulonephritis, nephrosis, or nephrosclerosis, even when the concentration of plasma proteins was much below normal. Our results indicate the probability that "hydremic plethora" does not occur. 2. The low protein concentration frequently observed in the plasma in nephritis is not due to increased plasma volume but to a decrease of the total amount of plasma protein in the body. 3. Changes in plasma volume showed no constant relationship to changes in edema.

scholarly journals THE USE OF RADIOACTIVE LYSINE IN STUDIES OF PROTEIN METABOLISM

1949 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Miller ◽  
W. F. Bale ◽  
C. L. Yuile ◽  
R. E. Masters ◽  
G. H. Tishkoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
The Body ◽  
Globulin Fraction ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Plasma Albumin ◽  
Lysine Residues

Racemic lysine labeled with C14 in the epsilon carbon position was fed to dogs. The distribution of C14 in blood and tissue fractions is recorded. In normal dogs sacrificed at 24 hours, approximately one-third of the C14 was found in the urine, one-third in expired air, and one-third in the body, mostly in protein, predomantly as lysine residues. The rate of C14 excretion as CO2, hour by hour, paralleled closely the amount of non-protein C14 in the blood plasma. The liver, kidney, pancreas, and spleen all have high values for C14 in 24 hour and 17 day experiments. The gastrointestinal tract is significantly high in the 24 hour experiments. Plasma protein from animals previously fed C14 containing lysine and thus in turn labeled, was transfused into other dogs and the rate of disappearance of albumin and globulin fractions from the circulation of the recipient dog followed. The results lead to the conclusion that as a whole, plasma proteins are utilized and replaced at a rate of at least 10 per cent per 24 hours. This minimum rate is substantially faster than turnover rates commonly accepted and emphasizes the rôle played by the plasma proteins in the protein economy of the body. The exact rate determination is made uncertain by the lack of knowledge of the magnitude of the amount of protein in solution in extracellular and lymph spaces and its rate of equilibrium with circulating plasma proteins. Evidence from these transfusion studies indicates that plasma globulin is metabolized at a significantly faster rate than plasma albumin. This is confirmed by the observation that following the feeding of labeled lysine to dogs, C14 is first incorporated in globulin in high concentration but that later it also disappears more rapidly from the globulin fraction. These data suggest that the period of bone marrow maturation of the red cell during which time its related hemoglobin is synthesized does not exceed 3 to 5 days.

OBSERVATIONS ON PLASMA-PROTEINS AND IT'S RELATIONSHIP WITH THE BODY WEIGHT AT PMCH, PATNA

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-28
Author(s):  
Nutan Kumari ◽  
Vibha Rani ◽  
[Prof.] Rajiva Kumar Singh ◽  
Debarshi Jana
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Plasma Protein Level

Background : The human body is composed of ve substances namely water, protein, fat, carbohydrate and minerals. All these substances are very closely interrelated, each acting with the other. Among these water acts as a bridge. The subjects included were medical students, staff of Methods : Patna Medical College, Patna, Bihar, businessman, serviceman and housewives. Results : The present study has been made on plasma protein in 54 normal healthy subjects of both sexes, 27 subjects of vegetarian group and 27 subjects of non-vegetarian group. In the whole study group the level of mean plasma protein ranged from 5.8 g/dL – 8.4 g/dL with a mean of 6.96 g/dL. (S.D. - 0.50, S.E. - 0.06). The plasma protein level Conclusion : in the study group is almost identical with the standard reference level.

scholarly journals PLASMA PROTEIN METABOLISM—ELECTROPHORETIC STUDIES

1945 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 515-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Zeldis ◽  
E. L. Alling
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Human Albumin ◽  
Electrophoretic Patterns ◽  
Dog Plasma ◽  
Beta Globulin ◽  
Veronal Buffer ◽  
Protein Components ◽  
High Beta

Electrophoretic patterns of normal dog plasma in veronal buffer at pH 8.5 are shown to be essentially similar to patterns of human plasma. Dog albumin has a higher mobility than human albumin and in a mixture of dog and human plasmas migrates as a partially separated peak. Normal dog plasma frequently shows four alpha globulin peaks. Rates of restoration of plasma protein components in dogs subjected to acute plasmapheresis have been studied by electrophoresis. During the first 24 hours following such acute depletion, appreciable quantities of all electrophoretic components of the plasma proteins enter the circulating blood stream even when food is not given and has not been given for 12 hours before plasmapheresis. In such fasting periods albumin and total globulin appear in approximately the proportions present in normal plasma. Alpha and beta globulins continue relatively elevated during subsequent days in which caloric and protein intakes are adequate for weight and nitrogen gains. Initial albumin levels, however, are regained more slowly than those of total globulin. The relative proportions of the electrophoretic components of plasma proteins may be disturbed from normal following a single acute depletion for as long as 2 to 3 weeks after the total protein level has returned to normal. Abnormally high beta globulin and fibrinogen, but a low albumin, were found in a dog with an acute and chronic cholangitis and hepatitis. Similar elevation of gamma globulin was noted in a dog in which a hemolytic reaction occurred.

scholarly journals BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN REGENERATION AS INFLUENCED BY INFECTION, DIGESTIVE DISTURBANCES, THYROID, AND FOOD PROTEINS

1937 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Madden ◽  
P. M. Winslow ◽  
J. W. Rowland ◽  
G. H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
The Body ◽  
Potency Ratio ◽  
Blood Plasma Protein ◽  
Diet Intake

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding, with return of washed red cells (plasmapheresis), it is possible to bring dogs to a steady state of low plasma protein in the circulation and a uniform plasma protein production on a basal diet. Such dogs become test subjects by which the effect of various factors on plasma protein regeneration can be measured. Dogs previously the subjects of plasmapheresis, during long rest periods appear to increase their stores of plasma protein building materials and their blood plasma protein concentrations above former normal levels. A sterile abscess (turpentine) induces a marked reduction in plasma protein regeneration in these test dogs consuming an ample basal diet. The sharp reduction during the initial 24 hours may in part reflect an extravasation of plasma protein into the injured tissue but there also appears to develop a true disturbance of the mechanism which produces plasma proteins. Digestive disturbances interfere seriously with plasma protein production. Whereas large quantities of live yeast upset digestion and form no plasma protein, autoclaved yeast is well utilized, having a potency ratio of 4.4. Amino acids have been tested inadequately. A mixture of cystine, glutamic acid, and glycine does seem to have a definite effect upon protein metabolism and plasma protein production. Iron, under the conditions of these experiments, does not influence the output of plasma proteins. Liver extract (parenteral) is also inert. The proteins of red blood cells when added to the diet are poorly utilized for plasma protein formation and show a potency ratio of only 10.1. Kidney protein added to the kidney basal diet shows a potency ratio of about 5 as compared with 4.6 for that basal diet. A digest of beef stomach and rice polishings shows a potency ratio of about 7.9. Dried powdered serum shows a potency ratio of 3.5, which is much less than fresh serum (2.6). Powdered thyroid fed in doses sufficient to accelerate body metabolism shows no distinct effect upon plasma protein production not attributable to the protein in the thyroid powder itself. Long periods (25 to 30 weeks) of plasma depletion and basal diet intake remove much protein from body fluids and tissues. Associated with this protein depletion the dog loses its appetite and may vomit some food. There is loss of hair, a tendency to skin ulceration, and a distinct lowering of resistance to infection. The plasma protein output may fall to fasting levels in spite of food intake sufficient to maintain weight. We believe this condition to be a deficiency state related to severe depletion of the essential protein matrix of the body cells.

Simultaneous Red Cell and Plasma Protein Indicator-Dilution Curves Across the Peripheral Circulation During Open-Heart Surgery

Circulation ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 33 (4s1) ◽  
Author(s):  
STANLEY GIANNELLI ◽  
STEPHEN M. AYRES ◽  
WILLIAM I. WOLFF ◽  
META BUEHLER ◽  
E. FOSTER CONKLIN
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Heart Surgery ◽  
Open Heart Surgery ◽  
Peripheral Circulation ◽  
Indicator Dilution ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Open Heart ◽  
Dilution Curves
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