scholarly journals FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE CULTIVATION OF VACCINE VIRUS FOR JENNERIAN PROPHYLAXIS IN MAN

1933 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 635-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Rivers ◽  
S. M. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Positive Reaction ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Original Strain ◽  
Refractory State ◽  
Culture Virus

A dermal strain of vaccine virus has been passed through 99 successive culture passages. This procedure led to a diminution in the pathogenicity of the active agent for the rabbit. By repeated testicular passages in rabbits, however, the virus regained its pathogenicity for that host. New cultures were initiated with the revived virus. A culture strain of virus that has been twice revived in this manner has remained fairly stable for the rabbit through 60 culture passages and it produces mild, yet effective vaccinal reactions in man. Virus in early cultures was not attenuated for man, but later cultures of the original strain and cultures of the 2nd and 3rd revived strains produced mild reactions without fever and discomfort to the patients. Intradermal vaccinations with the culture virus are safe and satisfactory. With the culture virus 118 infants and children have been inoculated and in 100 of them a positive reaction occurred. The culture virus produced a refractory state to a standard dermal strain of calf lymph and vice versa. Culture virus stored in 50 per cent neutral glycerol at –10°C. or at +3°C. maintained a considerable amount of its activity for at least 1 year. Desiccated culture virus sealed in tubes maintained some of its activity when stored at 37°C. for 5 weeks. Fresh cultures can be initiated without difficulty from desiccated virus or from virus that has been stored with or without glycerol.

scholarly journals JENNERIAN PROPHYLAXIS BY MEANS OF INTRADERMAL INJECTIONS OF CULTURE VACCINE VIRUS

1935 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Rivers ◽  
S. M. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Saline Solution ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
In Vitro Cultivation ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Intradermal Vaccination ◽  
Immune Reactions ◽  
Gum Acacia ◽  
Culture Virus

The second revived strain of culture vaccine virus has been propagated through 130 culture passages during a period of 3 years. It seems to be adapted to in vitro cultivation and still has an intradermal titer (rabbits) of 1 to 100,000 or 1 to 1,000,000. Intradermal inoculations in human beings of 0.1 cc. amounts of culture virus diluted from 2.5 to 10 times result in primary takes in unvaccinated people and immune reactions or accelerated takes in individuals previously successfully vaccinated. Primary takes produce an immunity to standard strains of calf lymph. Culture virus mixed with purified gum acacia (2.5 per cent), frozen, desiccated, and sealed in vacuo retains its activity for a month at 37°C., and when the dried virus is resuspended in saline solution it is suitable for intradermal vaccination of human beings.

scholarly journals FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE CULTIVATION OF VACCINE VIRUS IN LIFELESS MEDIA

1933 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 741-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Rivers ◽  
S. M. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Testicular Tissue ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Tissue Extracts ◽  
Viable Cells ◽  
Embryo Tissue

We have made ten attempts to cultivate vaccine virus in tissue extracts prepared according to the method described by Eagles and Kordi (4). Renal, testicular, and chick embryo extracts were employed with a dermal strain of vaccine virus and with the Levaditi strain of neuro-vaccine virus. In no instance were we able to show that the virus multiplied in the extract media. Both of these strains of virus, however, multiplied in media containing bits of minced viable tissue. Furthermore, treatment of rabbit testicular tissue and chick embryo tissue in the manner described by Eagles and Kordi for the preparation of the extracts leaves some cells not only alive but capable of proliferation. Although the results of our work are not in accord with those obtained by Eagles and Kordi, we offer no explanation for the discrepancy. Nevertheless, one cannot examine the results of our work recorded in the six tables without recognizing the fact that in the types of media used the presence of viable cells appears to be essential for the multiplication of vaccine virus. Rabbit testicular tissue and bits of chick embryos support the regeneration of the active agent more efficiently than does rabbit renal tissue.

scholarly journals CULTIVATION OF VACCINE VIRUS FOR JENNERIAN PROPHYLAXIS IN MAN

1931 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Rivers ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Culture Virus

1. A dermal strain of vaccine virus has been adapted to a simple culture medium consisting of minced chick embryo suspended in Tyrode's solution. 2. The bacteria-free culture virus, thus obtained, produces in lower animals and in man typical vaccinia that renders them refractory to infection with ordinary vaccine virus harvested from calves.

scholarly journals CULTIVATION OF VACCINE VIRUS

1930 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Li ◽  
T. M. Rivers
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Culture Virus

1. A strain of neurovaccine virus was cultivated in a medium consisting of minced chick embryo suspended in Tyrode's solution. 2. The virus upon cultivation apparently lost none of its essential characteristics. 3. The culture virus can be preserved and stored for long periods of time. Furthermore, the preserved virus can be used to initiate fresh cultures.

scholarly journals UNILATERAL INHIBITION OF THE RENAL SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON FOLLOWING INJECTION OF BACTERIAL FILTRATE INTO THE RENAL ARTERY

1937 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 755-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan R. Moritz ◽  
David Weir
Keyword(s):  
Renal Artery ◽  
Positive Reaction ◽  
Left Kidney ◽  
Left Renal Artery ◽  
Refractory State ◽  
Renal Changes ◽  
Shwartzman Reaction ◽  
The Right ◽  
Shwartzman Phenomenon ◽  
Made In

A positive Shwartzman reaction, as indicated by thrombosis and focal hemorrhage in one or more organs, was elicited in 19 of 34 rabbits in which the preparatory injection of bacterial filtrate was made into the left renal artery and the reacting injection was made in the ear vein 24 hours later. In 24 of the 34 rabbits the kidneys were undisturbed throughout the duration of the experiment except for the intra-arterial injection of the left. In 12 of these 24 a positive Shwartzman reaction was observed in the uninjected right kidneys. In only 1 of the 24 injected left kidneys were there changes that might be construed as representing a positive Shwartzman reaction. The changes in this kidney consisted of glomerular thrombosis, not associated with hemorrhage or necrosis. The positive renal Shwartzman reactions seen in the right kidneys were similar to those reported by Apitz and Gerber as representing the renal changes occurring as part of a generalized Shwartzman reaction. The retention of the bacterial filtrate of the preparatory injection in the left kidney, by obstructing both vein and artery for 15 minutes, did not lessen the refractory state. The removal of the right kidney prior to the experiment, with the subsequent demonstration that circulation through the remaining left kidney was not impaired by the intra-arterial injection of filtrate, indicated that the refractory state of the injected kidney was not the result of failure of the reacting dose of filtrate to reach the kidney. In the unilaterally nephrectomized rabbits the development of a positive reaction in other organs indicated that the lack of reaction in the kidney represented a local refractory state. No explanation of the phenomenon was disclosed by these experiments.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF REPEATED FREEZING (–185°C.) AND THAWING ON COLON BACILLI, VIRUS III, VACCINE VIRUS, HERPES VIRUS, BACTERIOPHAGE, COMPLEMENT, AND TRYPSIN

1927 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Rivers
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Virus ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Repeated Freezing ◽  
Herpès Virus

Colon bacilli, Virus III, vaccine virus, herpes virus, bacteriophage, complement, and trypsin are either killed or inactivated by repeated freezing (–185°C.) and thawing. As might be expected, some of the agents are more resistant than others. Hence it may be concluded that destruction or inactivation of an active agent by repeated freezing (–185°C.) and thawing is not proof that it was possessed of life.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF RABBIT POX

1936 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Rosahn ◽  
Ch'uan-K'uei Hu ◽  
Louise Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
General Character ◽  
Prophylactic Measure ◽  
Refractory State ◽  
Practical Standpoint ◽  
High Dilutions ◽  
Positive Results

The results of serum neutralizing tests with the viruses of pox, vaccinia, and virus III disease herewith reported generally agree and supplement the results of reinoculation experiments on immune rabbits reported in the previous paper (1). The finding that pox virus is neutralized by pox immune serum indicates that the refractory state of recovered pox rabbits to reinoculation with pox virus and the failure of recovered pox rabbits to contract a second pox infection after adequate exposure is to be explained upon the basis of the development of an active immunity. The failure of virus III immune serum to neutralize pox virus is in agreement with the previous conclusion drawn from the positive results of reinoculation and exposure experiments that there is no specific relationship between pox virus and virus III. Rabbits which had recovered from a pox infection were completely refractory to inoculation with dermo-(culture) vaccine, while rabbits which had recovered from vaccinia were partially refractory to inoculation with pox virus. Vaccine immune adult rabbits did not show any clinical evidence of pox upon exposure to florid cases, but young recently weaned vaccine immunes developed definite although comparatively mild pox infections. The serum neutralization tests showed that pox immune serum neutralized vaccine virus although the action was not complete as shown by the positive results obtained with high dilutions of serum; vaccine immune serum possessed some but comparatively slight neutralizing properties against pox virus. The results of the crossed inoculation and serum neutralizing experiments with pox and neurovaccine viruses resembled those obtained with pox and dermo-(culture) vaccine but the differences were less pronounced. The differences in virus neutralizing ability on the part of the three immune sera paralleled the differences in virus potency as indicated by the character of the local lesions at the site of injection and by the general character of the clinical manifestations of the infection. The potency or virulence of pox virus was much greater than that of neurovaccine and vastly greater than that of dermo-(culture) vaccine. The complete identity of pox and vaccine virus could not be established, but a definite relationship between them was demonstrated and this was shown to have an immunological basis. From a practical standpoint vaccination with vaccine virus as a prophylactic measure against rabbit pox was clearly indicated.

Understanding Limited Use of Amplification in Infants and Children Who Are Hard of Hearing

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan W. McCreery ◽  
Elizabeth A. Walker ◽  
Meredith Spratford
Keyword(s):  
Hard Of Hearing ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Hearing Aid Use ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
In Infants And Children

The effectiveness of amplification for infants and children can be mediated by how much the child uses the device. Existing research suggests that establishing hearing aid use can be challenging. A wide range of factors can influence hearing aid use in children, including the child's age, degree of hearing loss, and socioeconomic status. Audiological interventions, including using validated prescriptive approaches and verification, performing on-going training and orientation, and communicating with caregivers about hearing aid use can also increase hearing aid use by infants and children. Case examples are used to highlight the factors that influence hearing aid use. Potential management strategies and future research needs are also discussed.

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