scholarly journals THE RELATIVE REACTION WITHIN LIVING MAMMALIAN TISSUES

1927 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Drury ◽  
W. W. Beattie ◽  
Peyton Rous
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Normal Amount ◽  
Large Excess ◽  
Slight Degree ◽  
Mammalian Tissues ◽  
Tissue Acidosis

Breathing an atmosphere that contains the normal amount of oxygen but a large excess of carbon dioxide results in a tissue acidosis as well as one of the blood. The extravascular changes in reaction take place with far greater speed than when acidosis is induced with hydrochloric acid, and they do not persist as in the case of this latter but swiftly disappear when the animal breathes ordinary air once again. The changes parallel closely in magnitude and time those occurring in the blood. The same matrix tissues are rendered acidotic is when hydrochloric acid is administered. The blood alkalosis that results from a blowing off of carbon dioxide is accompanied by an extravascular alkalosis. Under the circumstances of our experiments the connective tissue became more alkaline than ordinary but no change was noted in the cartilage, a fact to be explained by the slight degree of the alkalosis and its brief duration.

scholarly journals THE RELATIVE REACTION WITHIN LIVING MAMMALIAN TISSUES

1927 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peyton Rous ◽  
D. R. Drury ◽  
W. W. Beattie
Keyword(s):  
Weak Solution ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Tissue Fluid ◽  
Similar Magnitude ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Mammalian Tissues ◽  
Tissue Acidosis ◽  
State Of Affairs

The changes in blood reaction caused by the injection into a vein of a weak solution of hydrochloric acid are accompanied by extravascular changes of similar magnitude within the subcutaneous tissue. Under the conditions of prolonged general anesthesia with ether or urethane the circulation to this tissue is so interfered with that an "outlying acidosis" may develop in addition to the acidosis immediately consequent on the blood state. Even under the best of circumstances the extravascular acidosis induced with hydrochloric acid affects not merely the tissue fluid but the reaction of the tissue itself. Rabbits in which a widespread extravascular acidosis has been produced, together with a blood acidosis as severe as is compatible with life, remain in good condition during the relatively long period over which this state of affairs persists. There is at no time any sign of capillary dilatation, though the vessels are bathed in relatively add fluid, and none of shock. No edema develops in the acidotic tissues, and the animals void large amounts of urine. The tissue acidosis lessens pari passu with that of the blood.

scholarly journals THE RELATIVE REACTION WITHIN LIVING MAMMALIAN TISSUES

1925 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peyton Rous
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Skin Flap ◽  
Special Technique ◽  
Subsequent Paper ◽  
Phenol Red ◽  
Indicator Method ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Mammalian Tissues ◽  
The Right

Mice can be vitally stained with many of the phthalein indicators. The staining is diffuse, appearing to interfere not at all with health in the case of the majority of the dyes. The color phenomena show that these retain the character of indicators. A special technique has been evolved for the determination of the hues of the various organs, which are readily modified by extraneous influences. The ability to recognize that the pH has thus been altered is a signal advantage of the indicator method. Phthaleins of slightly alkaline range or one that trenches slightly on acidity have been employed for the work here reported. Cresol red, phenol red, and brom phenol red have proved especially useful. The observations with the three agree closely in pointing to the existence of notable differences between the reaction of the blood and that within the tissues generally. The hue of blood plasma from the right heart is such as to suggest that its reaction lies at about pH 7.38 ordinarily, whereas that of the most alkaline of the tissues, judging from its color, the connective tissue, would appear to have a pH of 7.2 or slightly less. The tendons seem to be nearly but not quite so alkaline. The other stained tissues without exception, are of a hue which would indicate that the reaction lies beyond the range of phenol red on the acid side, that is to say is at least as acid as pH 6.6. In a subsequent paper observations which accord with these findings, carried out with indicators of frankly acid range, will be described. On the exposure of tissues to air, without disturbance of the circulation, some of them become alkaline. In the case of connective tissue, at least, the change is a consequence of the escape of carbon dioxide. The gas passes readily in and out, exerting a practically immediate influence on the color of the tissue bared by eversion of a skin flap; and so much may be absorbed on exposure to pure carbon dioxide, when the surface is large, that a general acidosis results. The precise interpretation of the color changes in terms of pH waits necessarily upon further work.

scholarly journals THE EXCRETION OF CARBON DIOXIDE BY FROG NERVE

1925 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Co2 Output ◽  
Sciatic Nerves ◽  
Low Rate

1. Quiescent sciatic nerve of the frog discharges CO2 at the average rate of 0.00876 mg. CO2 per gram of nerve per minute. 2. Sciatic nerve steeped one minute in boiling water discharges CO2 at first at a low rate and after an hour and a half not at all. 3. Degenerated sciatic nerve discharges CO2 at a slightly higher rate than normal living nerve does. 4. Connective tissue from the frog discharges CO2 at an average rate of 0.0097 mg. per gram of tissue per minute. 5. Assuming that a nerve is composed of from one-half to one-quarter connective tissue the CO2 output from its strictly nervous components is estimated to be at a rate of 0.008 mg. CO2 per gram of nerve per minute. 6. Stimulated sciatic nerve increases the rate of its CO2 output over quiescent nerve by about 14 per cent. When this number is corrected for strictly nervous tissue the rate is about 16 per cent. 7. The increased rate of CO2 production noted on stimulation in normal sciatic nerves was not observed when they were boiled, blocked, or degenerated. It was also not observed with stimulated strands of connective tissue.

Very low-pressure pyrolysis of chloroethane-2,2,2-d3. Kinetics of hydrochloric acid-d elimination and the effect of carbon dioxide inert bath gas

1981 ◽  
Vol 85 (26) ◽  
pp. 4106-4108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph S. Francisco ◽  
Jeffrey I. Steinfeld ◽  
Keith D. King ◽  
Robert G. Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Kinetics Of

Isolation and Concentration of Traces of Lead with Strontium Sulfate

1968 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-724
Author(s):  
Bruce C Flann ◽  
John C Bartlet
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Ammonium Carbonate ◽  
Carbonate Solution ◽  
Dilute Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Slight Excess ◽  
Strontium Sulfate ◽  
Centrifuge Tube

Abstract Lead in trace quantities is co-precipitated as the sulfate with milligram quantities of strontium carrier, using dilute sulfuric acid. The precipitate is separated from the excess sulfate by centrifuging and is then converted to the carbonate by agitation with ammonium carbonate solution. The carbonate precipitate is separated, dissolved in a slight excess of hydrochloric acid, and then freed of carbon dioxide. The solution, buffered to a pH of 8.8, is immediately extracted with a solution of dithizone in chloroform, and the lead is determined spectrophotometrically. Recoveries are approximately 100% and moderate quantities of the following ions do not interfere: Cd; Co (II) ; Cu (II) ; Fe (II); Fe (II); Mn (II); Hg (II) ; Ni (II) ; Ag (I) ; and Zn. Cyanide buffer is not required, all the chemistry is done in the same centrifuge tube, and many samples can be analyzed simultaneously, using readily available equipment

scholarly journals Estimation of Calcium Carbonate in Soils

1909 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
F. S. Marr
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Preliminary Test ◽  
No Decomposition ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Decomposition Of Organic Matter

Boiling acid at atmospheric pressure decomposes organic matter in soil with evolution of carbon dioxide, and thus renders the results obtained for carbonate too high. Where there is a fairly large percentage of carbonate, the error introduced in this way is of no great importance, but in soils containing less than 1% of calcium carbonate and especially in acid soils, the error introduced by thus boiling with acid may be very considerable.The weaker the acid used the better so long as there is fair excess. The writer recommends for acid soils and those containing low percentages of carbonate (as can be seen by making a rough preliminary test), 2 c.c. of strong hydrochloric acid and about 100 c.c. of water: 20 grams of soil should be used when the amount of carbonate is small. The acid may be conveniently added by making up a solution containing 100 c.c. of strong hydrochloric acid per litre, and introducing 20 c.c. of this solution along with 80 c.c. of water. For most soils, 5 c.c. of strong hydrochloric acid to 100 c.c. of water will be found convenient.If possible distillation under reduced pressure should be used, as under this condition practically no decomposition of organic matter takes place, while carbonate is readily decomposed: the distillation should be continued for twenty minutes at a temperature of about 50° C.

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