scholarly journals ON THE EXPULSION OF BILE BY THE GALL BLADDER; AND A RECIPROCAL RELATIONSHIP WITH THE SPHINCTER ACTIVITY

1926 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip D. McMaster ◽  
Robert Elman
Keyword(s):  
Gall Bladder ◽  
Biliary Tract ◽  
Common Duct ◽  
Bile Secretion ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
The Common ◽  
Pressure Resistance ◽  
The One ◽  
Considerable Pressure

After feeding a dog, forceful contractions of the gall bladder occur that are sufficient in strength to expel part of the contents of the viscus against a considerable pressure resistance. The pressure within the gall bladder of a healthy, unanesthetized dog fasted 24 to 48 hours is usually about equal to a column of bile 100 mm. high. After a few swallows of food there is a rapid increase in the pressure to more than 200 mm. with a gradual fall in it again, and repeated similar rises and falls occur thereafter. The gall bladder contractions responsible for these alterations are accompanied by a lessening in the resistance to the passage of bile to the intestine, a resistance which is maintained by the muscles at the lower end of the common duct. There would appear to be a reciprocal response on the part of the two structures to the one stimulus. The maximum pressure developing within the temporarily obstructed biliary tract in an animal with the gall bladder excluded about equals that of a column of bile slightly more than 300 mm. in height. The taking of food acts as a stimulus on the rate of bile secretion, but does not alter the maximum secretion pressure. When the gall bladder is connected with the duct system, obstruction does not lead until after some hours to the development of a pressure of more than 100 to 150 mm. within the biliary tract,—that is to say the pressure does not rise above the normal. Its failure to rise further is referable to the activity of the gall bladder to store and concentrate the bile as secreted. The physiological and clinical significance of these findings is discussed.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF GALL-BLADDER INFECTIONS IN TYPHOID, CHOLERA, AND DYSENTERY

1916 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 497-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry J. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Gall Bladder ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Common Duct ◽  
Portal System ◽  
Mesenteric Vein ◽  
The Common ◽  
Prevention And Cure

1. The theory of the production of gall-bladder lesions in typhoid, by descending infection of the bile from the liver receives support from investigations with the common duct fistula method in the rabbit. More bacilli appear in the bile with increased doses and more gall-bladder infections are obtained by increased doses. More bacilli appear in the bile after mesenteric vein injection than after ear vein injection and more lesions result under the first condition. More bacilli appear in the bile after injection of the same dose in immunized animals than in normal animals and more lesions also result in immunized animals. In cholera and dysentery the same mechanism is suggested with the additional factor of a portal system septicemia. 2. After the appearance of microorganisms in rabbit bile, their fate is apparently largely determined by the antiseptic properties of the bile. 100 per cent infections cannot be secured by intravenous doses large enough to insure the presence of microorganisms in the bile. Rabbit bile in vitro may be antiseptic to the microorganisms considered. The antiseptic action is largely due to its alkalinity. It is apparently possible to protect the rabbit to some degree against gall-bladder infection by a previous injection of sodium bicarbonate. 3. Alkaline therapy is suggested in the prevention and cure of gall-bladder carriers.

scholarly journals PHYSIOLOGICAL CAUSES FOR THE VARIED CHARACTER OF STASIS BILE

1921 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peyton Rous ◽  
Philip D. McMaster
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Gall Bladder ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Bladder Wall ◽  
Clinical Consequences ◽  
Bladder Activity ◽  
Biliary Stasis ◽  
White Bile ◽  
The One ◽  
Considerable Pressure

The gall bladder and ducts exert opposite influences upon the bile. The ducts fail to concentrate and thicken it with mucus as the bladder does, but dilute it slightly with a thin secretion of their own that is colorless and devoid of cholates even when the organism is heavily jaundiced. The fluid may readily be collected into a rubber bag connected with an isolated duct segment. It continues to be formed against a considerable pressure, and, in the dog, is slightly alkaline to litmus, clear, almost watery, practically devoid of cholesterol, and of low specific gravity to judge from the one specimen tested. In obstructed ducts separated from the gall bladder, or connecting with one so changed pathologically that the concentrating faculty has been lost, such fluid gradually replaces the small amount of bile originally pent up. It is the so called "white bile" of surgeons. When obstructed ducts connect with an approximately normal gall bladder the stasis fluid is entirely different, owing to the bladder activity. At first there accumulates in quantity a true bile much inspissated by loss of fluid through the bladder wall, darkened by a change in the pigment, and progressively thickened with bladder mucus. As time passes duct secretion mingles with the tarry accumulation and very gradually replaces it. The inspissation of the bile, as indicated by the pigment content, is at its greatest after only a day or two of stasis. The differing influences of the ducts and bladder upon the bile must obviously have much to do with the site of origin of calculi and their clinical consequences. The concentrating activity of the bladder cannot but be a potent element in the formation of stones. We have discussed these matters at some length. Intermittent biliary stasis is admittedly the principal predisposing cause of cholelithiasis; and the stasis is to be thought of as effective, in many instances at least, through the excessive biliary inspissation for which it gives opportunity. In this way a normal gall bladder can become, merely through functional activity, a menace to the organism. In patients with the tendency to stones frequent feedings may lessen the danger of their formation.

Comparative Biliary Concentrations of Cephazolin and Cephalothin in Patients with Biliary Tract Disease

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 255-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Madhavan ◽  
M. Block ◽  
E. L. Quinn ◽  
F. Cox ◽  
E. J. Fisher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Gall Bladder ◽  
Acute Cholecystitis ◽  
Biliary Tract ◽  
Common Duct ◽  
Bladder Wall ◽  
Biliary Tract Disease ◽  
Gall Bladder Wall ◽  
Tract Disease

The concentration of cephazolin in the serum, gall bladder bile, common duct bile, and gall bladder wall were considerably higher than cephalothin especially with IV administration and indicate that cephazolin should be a useful antibiotic in the surgical treatment of acute cholecystitis.

The effect of cyclosporine A on bile secretion in dogs

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis R. Sutherland ◽  
Roy M. Preshaw ◽  
Eldon A. Shaffer
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Cyclosporine A ◽  
Bile Flow ◽  
Common Duct ◽  
Bile Secretion ◽  
Taurocholic Acid ◽  
Duodenal Fistula ◽  
The Common ◽  
Bile Output ◽  
Oral Doses

Cyclosporine A is reported to cause cholestasis, but the evidence is confounded by anesthesia and surgery used in acute experiments. To better investigate the effect of cyclosporine on the liver, bile output was directly measured in three cholecystectomized dogs by cannulating the common duct through a chronic duodenal fistula. Control studies were done 1 month after surgery. Cyclosporine in oral doses of 5, 15, and 50 mg∙kg−1∙d−1 was then given for consecutive 1-week periods. Twice during each study period, bile output was measured for 5 h in fasted, awake animals: 3 h to establish basal conditions, followed by 2 h of taurocholate infusions at 1 and then 2 μmol∙kg−1∙min−1. Under basal conditions, bile flow rose with each dose of cyclosporine, increasing 63, 127, and 179% above control with cyclosporine 5, 15, and 50 mg∙kg−1∙d−1 respectively. Bile flow increased similarly during taurocholic acid stimulation. Cyclosporine had no effect on bile salt or bilirubin secretion. In this chronic dog model isolated from other causes of cholestasis, cyclosporine did not induce cholestasis but rather caused a dose-related choleresis without any change in bile salt secretion.Key words: cyclosporine A, bile, cholestasis, hepatotoxicity.

scholarly journals Additions to an account of the anatomy of the Squalus maximus , contained in a former paper; with observations on the structure of the bronchial artery

1832 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 471-472
Keyword(s):  
Gall Bladder ◽  
Common Duct ◽  
Bronchial Artery ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Cavity

The author observes, that with respect to his former description of the external parts, he has no addition to make, excepting that, from the position of the fish at the time when it was drawn, a small fin was omitted between the anus and tail; which, however, is so far important, that some persons have on this ground imagined that the fish described was a different species of Squalus. Of the internal parts, the stomach is now described, and a delineation given. The liver has six ducts; but these unite, before they enter the duodenum, in one common cavity, which corresponds to the dilatation of the common duct in those quadrupeds that have no gall-bladder.

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