scholarly journals COVID-19 and emerging viral infections: The case for interferon lambda

2020 ◽  
Vol 217 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludmila Prokunina-Olsson ◽  
Noémie Alphonse ◽  
Ruth E. Dickenson ◽  
Joan E. Durbin ◽  
Jeffrey S. Glenn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Interferon Lambda

With the first reports on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the scientific community working in the field of type III IFNs (IFN-λ) realized that this class of IFNs could play an important role in this and other emerging viral infections. In this Viewpoint, we present our opinion on the benefits and potential limitations of using IFN-λ to prevent, limit, and treat these dangerous viral infections.

scholarly journals COVID-19: when, along with aging, sex matters

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Boccardi ◽  
Patrizia Mecocci
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Patient Groups

Older persons are more susceptible to infection due to the age-related immunologic changes and the state of constitutive lowgrade inflammation. The rate of complications from the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its related coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is significantly higher in the elderly, with men as the most affected. It is known that women, in general, are less susceptible to viral infections complications thanks to three main differences in sex chromosomes, innate immunity, and steroid hormones. COVID-19 epidemiology in Italy further support that older women, even if frailer, may experience lower mortality than men, which extends the ‘male-female health-survival paradox’ to acutely ill patient groups.

scholarly journals Interferon Lambda: A New Sword in Cancer Immunotherapy

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Lasfar ◽  
Walid Abushahba ◽  
Murugabaskar Balan ◽  
Karine A. Cohen-Solal
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Group Type ◽  
Interferon Lambda ◽  
New Type ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Type Iii Ifn

The discovery of the interferon-lambda (IFN-λ) family has considerably contributed to our understanding of the role of interferon not only in viral infections but also in cancer. IFN-λproteins belong to the new type III IFN group. Type III IFN is structurally similar to type II IFN (IFN-γ) but functionally identical to type I IFN (IFN-α/β). However, in contrast to type I or type II IFNs, the response to type III IFN is highly cell-type specific. Only epithelial-like cells and to a lesser extent some immune cells respond to IFN-λ. This particular pattern of response is controlled by the differential expression of the IFN-λreceptor, which, in contrast to IFN-α, should result in limited side effects in patients. Recently, we and other groups have shown in several animal models a potent antitumor role of IFN-λthat will open a new challenging era for the current IFN therapy.

Oxidative stress and inflammation in COVID-19 pathogenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir G. Kukes ◽  
Olga K. Parfenova ◽  
Nikita G. Sidorov ◽  
Yuri V. Olefir ◽  
Albina А. Gazdanova
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Blood Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections

This study discusses the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in the development of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated with COVID-19 caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. An analysis of the literature revealed that the development of respiratory viral infections, including COVID-19, is usually accompanied by the accumulation of acidic metabolic products in the blood and tissues and, accordingly, oxidative stress and increased levels of cytokines. In this regard, it seems appropriate to use the second-generation low-toxic antioxidant Ethoxidol, manufactured in Russia, which reduces the intensity of inflammation, and also improves blood oxygen saturation.

scholarly journals Potential Roles of Modified Pectin Targeting Galectin-3 against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2

J ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 824-837
Author(s):  
Frederick Odun-Ayo ◽  
Lalini Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Galectin 3 ◽  
Clinical Models ◽  
Therapeutic Properties ◽  
Associated Function ◽  
Multiple Variants

Modified pectin (MP) is a bioactive complex polysaccharide that is broken down into smaller fragments of units and used as an oral dietary supplement for cell proliferation. MP is safe and non-toxic with promising therapeutic properties with regard to targeting galectin-3 (GAL-3) toward the prevention and inhibition of viral infections through the modulation of the immune response and anti-inflammatory cytokine effects. This effect of MP as a GAL-3 antagonism, which has shown benefits in preclinical and clinical models, may be of relevance to the progression of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in coronavirus disease 2019 patients. The outbreak of emerging infectious diseases continues to pose a threat to human health. Further to the circulation of multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2, an effective and alternative therapeutic approach to combat it has become pertinent. The use of MP as a GAL-3 inhibitor could serve as an antiviral agent blocking against the SARS-CoV-2-binding spike protein. This review highlights the potential effects of MP in viral infections, its proposed role as a GAL-3 inhibitor, and the associated function concerning a SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Comment on “Optimal Nutritional Status for a Well-Functioning Immune System Is an Important Factor to Protect against Viral Infections. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1181”

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2321
Author(s):  
Alexandros Tsoupras ◽  
Ioannis Zabetakis
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has engulfed the world since December 2019 [...]

scholarly journals A REVIEW ON THE ANTIPARASITIC DRUG IVERMECTIN FOR VARIOUS VIRAL INFECTIONS AND POSSIBILITIES OF USING IT FOR NOVEL SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS 2: NEW HOPE TO TREAT CORONAVIRUS DISEASE-2019

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
TALHA JABEEN ◽  
MOHD ABDUL KHADER ◽  
SHAYESTHA JABEEN
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Antiparasitic Drug ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The novel coronavirus infection has spread all over the world. With no specific drug or vaccine, the process of “drug repurposing” becomes a feasible solution. As severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has 80% sequence similarity with the SARS-CoV, the nuclear import inhibitor “Ivermectin” (IVM) has recently been studied as a possible treatment option for coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The article aims to provide a review on structure and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2, indications of IVM for viral diseases, its possible mechanism on COVID-19 with a brief discussion on IVM structure, pharmacokinetics, adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, and contraindications. Further, we made possible comparisons of IVM with solidarity trial drugs and analyzed its major advantages, limitations and gave necessary recommendations for its use in future in vivo studies in the treatment of COVID-19.

Highlighting the Correlation Between Telomere Shortening and the Susceptibility to the Novel SARS-CoV-2 Virus (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aml Ghanem
Keyword(s):  
Telomere Length ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Telomere Shortening ◽  
Infection Pathways ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Demographic Distribution

COVID-19 is a global crisis that requires a deep understanding of infection pathways to facilitate the development of effective treatments and vaccines. Telomere, which is regarded as a biomarker for other respiratory viral infections, might influence the demographic distribution of COVID-19 infection and fatality rates. Viral infection can induce many cellular remodeling events and stress responses, including telomere specific alterations, just as telomere shortening. In brief, this letter aims to highlight the connection between telomere shortening and susceptibility to COVID-19 infection, in addition to changes in telomeric length according to the variation of age and gender of confirmed cases with COVID-19 infection. To sum up, the correlation is revealed from the available data that connect telomere length and COVID-19 infection, demonstrated in the fact that the elderly patients and males are more susceptible to COVID-19 due to shortening in their telomere length.

scholarly journals CD169/SIGLEC1 is expressed on circulating monocytes in COVID-19 and expression levels are associated with disease severity

Infection ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Moritz Doehn ◽  
Christoph Tabeling ◽  
Robert Biesen ◽  
Jacopo Saccomanno ◽  
Elena Madlung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Type I Interferons ◽  
Type I ◽  
Interferon Signaling ◽  
Expression Levels

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Type I interferons are important in the defense of viral infections. Recently, neutralizing IgG auto-antibodies against type I interferons were found in patients with severe COVID-19 infection. Here, we analyzed expression of CD169/SIGLEC1, a well described downstream molecule in interferon signaling, and found increased monocytic CD169/SIGLEC1 expression levels in patients with mild, acute COVID-19, compared to patients with severe disease. We recommend further clinical studies to evaluate the value of CD169/SIGLEC1 expression in patients with COVID-19 with or without auto-antibodies against type I interferons.

scholarly journals Pandemic Prevention: Lessons from COVID-19

Encyclopedia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 433-444
Author(s):  
Mario Coccia
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Health System ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Policy Responses

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which appeared in late 2019, generating a pandemic crisis with high numbers of COVID-19-related infected individuals and deaths in manifold countries worldwide. Lessons learned from COVID-19 can be used to prevent pandemic threats by designing strategies to support different policy responses, not limited to the health system, directed to reduce the risks of the emergence of novel viral agents, the diffusion of infectious diseases and negative impact in society.

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