scholarly journals Pandemic Prevention: Lessons from COVID-19

Encyclopedia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 433-444
Author(s):  
Mario Coccia
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Health System ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Policy Responses

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which appeared in late 2019, generating a pandemic crisis with high numbers of COVID-19-related infected individuals and deaths in manifold countries worldwide. Lessons learned from COVID-19 can be used to prevent pandemic threats by designing strategies to support different policy responses, not limited to the health system, directed to reduce the risks of the emergence of novel viral agents, the diffusion of infectious diseases and negative impact in society.

scholarly journals Innovation and Challenges in Funding Rapid Research Responses to Emerging Infectious Diseases: Lessons Learned from the Outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

2004 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhagirath Singh
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
National Network

Although the local public health response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in Canada was critical to the diagnosis, management and treatment of patients, such a rapid research response required a national effort to engage the research and stakeholder communities. The Canadian research effort, coordinated through the Institute of Infection and Immunity of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research, has provided insight into the mechanisms required to ensure the rapid development of strategical initiatives in response to emerging infectious diseases. It has also provided a rational basis to set up a national network to be engaged if needed in the future.

scholarly journals The necessity for carnivore experimentation in predicting the next zoonotic disease epidemic

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Freeha Anjum ◽  
Hillary Hale
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Public ◽  
Bodily Fluids ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Human Infections

Zoonoses are human infections or diseases caused by disease spillover from vertebrate animals to people [1]. Spillover is the movement of pathogens from their normal host to a novel species [2]; this can occur through bodily fluids, bites, food, water, or contact with surfaces where infected animals have travelled [3]. Although some zoonoses remain established within populations and primarily affect only one person per spillover (classified as enzootic zoonoses—e.g., rabies), others can be transmitted between people and result in localized, or even global outbreaks [4]. Zoonoses account for over 60% of infectious diseases in humans [4] and can be caused by viruses, parasites, bacteria, or fungi. Of these, viral zoonoses prove to be of greatest detriment to the public on a widespread scale, as they are responsible for numerous epidemics and pandemics, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) [5-7]. Research has also been conducted on different taxonomic orders of species, such as Carnivora — placental animals which obtain nutrients from flesh — and their viral spillover risk [11].

SARS in Asia: Crisis, Vulnerabilities, and Regional Responses

Asian Survey ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mely Caballero-Anthony
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Regional Responses ◽  
East And Southeast Asia ◽  
Security Concerns

This article examines lessons learned from the recent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome crisis in East and Southeast Asia, arguing that the wide-ranging impact of infectious diseases makes it imperative for states to treat these diseases as security concerns. ““Securitizing”” infectious diseases provides urgency for mobilizing resources and strengthening regional cooperation. Adding infectious diseases to the security agenda allows for better handling of sudden outbreaks that endanger lives and threaten the survival of nation-states; this is also in line with the region's concept of comprehensive security.

scholarly journals On the socio-economic impact of pandemics in Africa - Lessons learned from COVID-19, Trypanosomiasis, HIV, Yellow Fever and Cholera

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Kohnert
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Congo Basin ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Taux De Mortalité

ABSTRACT & RÉSUMÉ : Throughout history, nothing has killed more human beings than infectious diseases. Although, death rates from pandemics dropped globally by about 0.8 % per year, all the way through the 20th century, the number of new infectious diseases like Sars, HIV and Covid-19 increased by nearly fourfold over the past century. In Africa, there were reported a total of 4,522,489 confirmed COVID-19 cases and 119,816 death, as of 23 April 2021. The pandemic impacted seriously on the economic and social sectors in almost all African countries. It is threatening to push up to 58 m people into extreme poverty. However, apart from the African poor, the Covid pandemic also affects the growing African middle class, i.e. about 170 million out of Africa’s 1.3 billion people currently classified as middle class. Nearly eight million of may be thrust into poverty because of the coronavirus and its economic aftermath. This setback will be felt for decades to come. Moreover, in recent African History also other infectouse diseases like the 1896–1906 Congo Basin Trypanosomiasis with a death-toll of over 500.000 as well as the 1900–1920 Uganda African trypanosomiasis epidemic with 200,000–300,000 death had tremendous negative impact on Africa’s societies and economies. Actually, other pandemics, like Yellow Fever, Cholera, Meningitis and Measles – not to mention Malaria - contributed to long-lasting economic downturns and seriously affect the social wellbeing for decades. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- RÉSUMÉ : Au cours de l’histoire, rien n’a tué plus d’êtres humains que les maladies infectieuses et la fièvre hémorragique. Bien que les taux de mortalité dus aux pandémies aient chuté de près de 1% par an dans le monde, environ 0,8% par an, tout au long du XXe siècle, le nombre de nouvelles maladies infectieuses comme le Sars, le VIH et le Covid-19 a presque quadruplé par rapport au passé. En Afrique, on a signalé un total de 4 522 489 cas confirmés de COVID-19 et 119 816 décès, au 23 avril 2021. La pandémie a eu de graves répercussions sur les secteurs économique et social dans presque tous les pays africains. Il menace de pousser jusqu'à 58 millions de personnes dans l'extrême pauvreté. Cependant, outre les Africains pauvres, la pandémie de Covid affecte également la classe moyenne africaine en pleine croissance, c'est-à-dire environ 170 millions sur les 1,3 milliard d'africains actuellement classés dans la classe moyenne. Près de huit millions d'entre eux pourraient être plongés dans la pauvreté à cause du coronavirus et de ses conséquences économiques. Ce revers se fera sentir pendant des décennies. En outre, dans l'histoire récente de l'Afrique, d'autres maladies infectieuses comme la trypanosomiase du bassin du Congo de 189 … View full abstract

Equity Impacts of Neoliberal Reforms: What Should the Policy Responses Be?

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Di McIntyre ◽  
Margaret Whitehead ◽  
Lucy Gilson ◽  
Göran Dahlgren ◽  
Shenglan Tang
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health System ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Special Section ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Public Health Services ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Policy Responses

The final article in this special section draws together the lessons learned from the ALPS analyses and considers a range of potential policy responses. The country case studies highlight that health systems in many low- and middle-income countries are failing not only the poor but also other income groups, who are faced with wide-ranging barriers to accessing the health care they need. A key policy intervention to address these health system failures is that of challenging the status quo in relation to the public-private health care mix. There is an urgent need to strengthen public health services that have been systematically neglected over the past few decades while also regulating the worst excesses of the private health sector. Promoting a greater reliance on financing mechanisms that are progressive and that strengthen cross-subsidies in the overall health system is critical, as is ensuring that available financial and human resources are equitably allocated among geographic areas and groups. Finally, health system interventions of this nature should be supported by broader poverty-reduction strategies. Such interventions to fundamentally change ailing health systems are essential to break the vicious cycle of poverty, ill-health, and (further) impoverishment.

Bats as the reservoir for outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (45) ◽  
Author(s):  
C J Williams
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Natural Reservoir

A study from China has provided evidence that bats may be the natural reservoir for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)

scholarly journals 57. Evaluating the Utility of a Penicillin Allergy Reconciliation Program within an Infectious Diseases Consult Population in a Community Health System

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S49-S50
Author(s):  
Bruce M Jones ◽  
Emily Plauche ◽  
Susan E Smith ◽  
Christopher M Bland
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Health System ◽  
Community Health ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Panel Member ◽  
Penicillin Allergy ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Research Support ◽  
Research Grant

Abstract Background Penicillin allergy reconciliation is an important aspect of antimicrobial stewardship with ~10% of the population reporting a penicillin allergy. Our facility utilizes a Penicillin Allergy Reconciliation Program (PARP) led by an Infectious Diseases (ID) Pharmacist and pharmacy students to identify patients with penicillin allergies to reconcile and intervene when necessary. Information is collected by interview, electronic medical record (EMR) review, prescription outpatient fill history. This study evaluated reconciliations with and without a PARP in patients in a community health system. Methods This was a retrospective study that compared reconciliations performed on adult patients admitted at least once in 2019 with a self-reported penicillin allergy and ID physician consult at a hospital with a PARP (Institution 1) and one without a formal evaluation and intervention program (Institution 2) within the same community health system with same ID physicians. The primary outcome was documented reconciliation of a patient’s penicillin allergy during an inpatient visit in 2019. Reconciliation was defined as an edit or clarification (updating the severity, reaction, or comments section, as well as deleting) to a patient’s penicillin allergy in the EMR. The secondary outcome evaluated the percentage of total and ID consult patients with a penicillin allergy. Results There were 245 patients who met criteria and were included in the study, 113 from Institution 1 and 132 from Institution 2. For the primary outcome, there were 82 (72.6%) reconciliations at Institution 1 and 15 (11.4%) reconciliations at Institution 2 (p < 0.001). Interventions at Institution 1 and 2 resulted in 74 EMR updates and 8 removals and 14 EMR updates and 1 removal, respectively. Reconciliation was performed on the same visit as the ID consult in 59/82 patients (72%) at Institution 1 and 11/15 patients (73.3%) at Institution 2. All reconciliations at Institution 2 were made by pharmacist (10) or nurses (5). For the secondary outcome, 10.9% of patients with an ID consult and 12.6% of all patients admitted in 2019 had a penicillin allergy (p=0.027). Conclusion A PARP led by an ID pharmacist and students was an effective method to perform penicillin allergy reconciliations, even in the presence of active ID consultation. Disclosures Bruce M. Jones, PharmD, BCPS, ALK-Abello (Research Grant or Support)Allergan/Abbvie (Speaker’s Bureau) Christopher M. Bland, PharMD, FCCP, FIDSA, BCPS, ALK Abello, Inc. (Grant/Research Support)Biomerieux (Consultant)Merck (Consultant, Grant/Research Support, Advisor or Review Panel member, Speaker’s Bureau)Tetraphase (Speaker’s Bureau)

scholarly journals 22.F. Workshop: What makes for resilient health systems? Evidence from the State of Health in the EU country profiles

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
The State ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Health System Strengthening ◽  
New Work ◽  
State Of Health ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The European Commission's State of Health in the EU (SoHEU) initiative aims to provide factual, comparative data and insights into health and health systems in EU countries. The resulting Country Health Profiles, published every two years (current editions: November 2019) are the joint work of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies and the OECD, in cooperation with the European Commission. They are designed to support the efforts of Member States in their evidence-based policy making and to contribute to health care systems' strengthening. In addition to short syntheses of population health status, determinants of health and the organisation of the health system, the Country Profiles provide an assessment of the health system, looking at its effectiveness, accessibility and resilience. The idea of resilient health systems has been gaining traction among policy makers. The framework developed for the Country Profiles template sets out three dimensions and associated policy strategies and indicators as building blocks for assessing resilience. The framework adopts a broader definition of resilience, covering the ability to respond to extreme shocks as well as measures to address more predictable and chronic health system strains, such as population ageing or multimorbidity. However, the current framework predates the onset of the novel coronavirus pandemic as well as new work on resilience being done by the SoHEU project partners. This workshop aims to present resilience-enhancing strategies and challenges to a wide audience and to explore how using the evidence from the Country Profiles can contribute to strengthening health systems and improving their performance. A brief introduction on the SoHEU initiative will be followed by the main presentation on the analytical framework on resilience used for the Country Profiles. Along with country examples, we will present the wider results of an audit of the most common health system resilience strategies and challenges emerging from the 30 Country Profiles in 2019. A roundtable discussion will follow, incorporating audience contributions online. The Panel will discuss the results on resilience actions from the 2019 Country Profiles evidence, including: Why is resilience important as a practical objective and how is it related to health system strengthening and performance? How can countries use their resilience-related findings to steer national reform efforts? In addition, panellists will outline how lessons learned from country responses to the Covid-19 pandemic and new work on resilience by the Observatory (resilience policy briefs), OECD (2020 Health at a Glance) and the EC (Expert Group on Health Systems Performance Assessment (HSPA) Report on Resilience) can feed in and improve the resilience framework that will be used in the 2021 Country Profiles. Key messages Knowing what makes health systems resilient can improve their performance and ability to meet the current and future needs of their populations. The State of Health in the EU country profiles generate EU-wide evidence on the common resilience challenges facing countries’ health systems and the strategies being employed to address them.

scholarly journals Technological Advances in Ozone and Ozonized Water Spray Disinfection Devices

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 3081
Author(s):  
Luis Alberto Breda Mascarenhas ◽  
Fabricia Oliveira Oliveira ◽  
Eduardo Santos da Silva ◽  
Laerte Marlon Conceição dos Santos ◽  
Leticia de Alencar Pereira Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Database Search ◽  
Innovative Approach ◽  
Water Spray ◽  
Patent Classification ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Patent Documents

To control infectious diseases such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (Covid-19) that caused the current pandemic, disinfection measures are essential. Among building measures, disinfection chambers can help to decrease the transmission rate through the sanitizing capacity of the disinfectant used, which can thereby clean surfaces or humans. Out of existing biocides, ozone is considered one of the safest for humans, but one of the most powerful oxidizers, making the substance a better alternative as the biocidal solution in disinfection chambers. Analyses were carried out by using all patented documents related to disinfection chambers that used ozone as a disinfectant. A Derwent Innovation Index (DII) database search was undertaken to find these patents. Patent prospecting resulted in 620 patent documents that were divided into 134 patent families. There was no technology related to protective barriers for individuals, and the majority of patents in the retrieved data aimed at sterilizing medical devices and surfaces. Given that the specific Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC) code for ozone dissolved in liquid was used in the methodology search, but not included among the 10 most used codes in the patents, the use of ozonized water may be an innovative approach in the technology landscape of sterilization chambers.

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