scholarly journals NUTRITION OF THE HOST AND NATURAL RESISTANCE TO INFECTION

1956 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard A. Schneider ◽  
Norton D. Zinder
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Mouse Spleen ◽  
Inoculation Test ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Deficiency State ◽  
Synthetic Diet ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Positive Effect

The double strain inoculation test as used for the assay of nutritional factors capable of enhancing survivorship in mouse salmonellosis has been modified and improved. The modification has been based on the use of genetically marked strains of S. typhimurium, and substitutes for survivorship a bacteriological datum, a certain minimum population size of the virulent salmonellae in the mouse spleen at a certain time. The analysis permitting this substitution and the economies achieved by the modification has been presented. In the course of development of the new assay evidence was obtained that the nutrient entity or entities responsible for enhanced survivorship, as measured by the bacteriological correlate, are not stored in the mouse. A deficiency state was achieved 24 hours after supplying the basal synthetic diet. Similarly, positive effect of active nutrients was evident as soon as 24 hours after feeding.

scholarly journals NUTRITION OF THE HOST AND NATURAL RESISTANCE TO INFECTION

1945 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard A. Schneider ◽  
Leslie T. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Genetic Constitution ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Swiss Mice ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Inbred Strains Of Mice ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Resistance To Infection

1. A diet of whole wheat and whole dried milk has been shown to promote a higher survival rate, among W-Swiss mice subjected to S. enteritidis infection, than that promoted by a "synthetic" diet. 2. The demonstration of this ability of diet to condition natural resistance has been found to depend upon the genetic constitution of the mice employed. The demonstration has been possible in W-Swiss mice, a strain only moderately inbred and retaining a degree of genetic variability. The demonstration has not been possible in three highly inbred strains of mice selected so that they differed predictably from one another in natural resistance. 3. The nutritional factors involved are present in whole wheat and are absent or negligible in dried whole milk. Their nature has not yet been determined.

scholarly journals NUTRITION OF THE HOST AND NATURAL RESISTANCE TO INFECTION

1948 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard A. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Pathogen Population ◽  
Optimum Time ◽  
Natural Diet ◽  
Synthetic Diet ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
The Relationship

The observation has been confirmed that the property of a "natural" diet of whole wheat and whole dried milk to promote a higher survival rate among a stock of outbred, genetically heterogeneous W-Swiss mice subjected to S. typhimurium infection, over that promoted by a "synthetic" diet, is dependent upon a relationship between avirulent and virulent members of the pathogen population. This relationship has now been analyzed in terms of number (interacting doses) and time (interval between interacting doses). On any given diet survivorship has been demonstrated to be a function of the host's experience of the avirulent pathogen; increasing experience, either in dose or time, resulted in increasing survivorship. For a given set of interacting avirulent-virulent doses the rate at which survivorship rose was greater when the "natural" diet was fed than when the "synthetic" diet was fed. This difference in survivorship-increase rates gave rise to differences in survivorship between the two diets. These dietary differences ranged from minimal to maximal with increasing time, and then, as still more time elapsed, back to minimal again. In consequence an optimum time interval was found at which the dietary effect was maximal. This time interval was chosen for assay purposes. The assay method thus arrived at was tested repeatedly for reproducibility, and statistical analysis showed it to be reliable and capable of demonstrating a mean dietary difference in survivorship of 55 per cent. The nature of the relationship established between avirulent and virulent S. typhimurium in mice has been discussed.

scholarly journals NUTRITION OF THE HOST AND NATURAL RESISTANCE TO INFECTION

1946 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard A. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Synthetic Diet ◽  
Swiss Mice ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Difference Effect

The property of a diet of whole wheat and whole dried milk to promote a higher survival rate among a stock of heterogenetic, outbred W-Swiss mice subjected to S. enteritidis infection, over that promoted by a "synthetic" diet, has been shown to be a function of the infecting bacterial population. Broth cultures so prepared as presumably to yield S. enteritidis organisms of uniform character have consistently failed to reveal an effect of diet on natural resistance, even though the parent bacterial populations revealed a dietary effect. The dietary difference effect on natural resistance could not be demonstrated with an avirulent culture of S. typhimurium, or with a freshly prepared virulent culture of S. typhimurium presumably uniform in character. The dietary effect on natural resistance was demonstrated by employing a 1:1 mixture of avirulent and virulent cultures of S. typhimurium.

scholarly journals Influence of the Bcg Locus on Natural Resistance to Primary Infection with the Facultative Intracellular Bacterium Francisella tularensis in Mice

2000 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 1480-1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Kovářová ◽  
Lenka Hernychová ◽  
Marián Hajdúch ◽  
M. Šírová ◽  
Aleš Macela
Keyword(s):  
Francisella Tularensis ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Oxygen Intermediates ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Resistance To Infection

ABSTRACT The implication of the Bcg locus in the control of natural resistance to infection with a live vaccine strain (LVS) of the intracellular pathogen Francisella tularensis was studied. Analysis of phenotypic expression of natural resistance and susceptibility was performed using mouse strains congenic at theBcg locus. Comparison of the kinetics of bacterial colonization of spleen showed that B10.A.Bcg(r) mice were extremely susceptible during early phases of primary sublethal infection, while their congenic C57BL/10N [Bcg(s)] counterparts could be classified as resistant to F. tularensis LVS infection according to the 2-log-lower bacterial CFU within the tissue as long as 5 days after infection. Different phenotypes of Bcg congenic mice were associated with differential expression of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-10, and gamma interferon and production of reactive oxygen intermediates. These results strongly suggest that the Bcglocus, which is close or identical to the Nramp1 gene, controls natural resistance to infection by F. tularensisand that its effect is the opposite of that observed for otherBcg-controlled pathogens.

scholarly journals Ethnic Immigration Policy Implementation (1992- 2009)

2013 ◽  
pp. 109-117
Author(s):  
Shugatai Amangul
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Population Size ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Immigration Policy ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Migration Process ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
Positive Effect

After Kazakhstan declared its independence, it became a large perform­er in the worldwide international migration process. The attraction of social and economic stability (with an increase in the level of liv­ing standard), stable ethno-demographic and population growth, no nationalist struggles as well as positive geopolitical situations, have lead to a huge flow of immigrants to Kazakhstan in the years since independence. In this study, I have suggested that results of the ethnic immigration policy include strengthening the national identity, creating a positive effect on the ethno-demographic outcomes, and increasing the number of the population size over the last nineteen years. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i17.87 Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, No.17 2012: 109-117

Resistance to Infection With Intracellular Parasites. Identification of a Candidate Gene

Physiology ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 178-183
Author(s):  
SM Vidal ◽  
P Gros
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Gene ◽  
Positional Cloning ◽  
Transport Protein ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Specific Transport ◽  
Intracellular Parasites ◽  
Resistance To Infection

In the mouse, natural resistance to infection with unrelated intracellular parasites is controlled by the Bcg locus. With an positional cloning approach, a candidate gene for Bcg has been isolated. This gene encodes for a novel macrophage-specific transport protein, Nramp, which is altered in innately susceptible animals.

Acquisition of autoimmunity genes by New Zealand mice is associated with natural resistance to infection by mycobacteria

1992 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 641-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nair Esaguy ◽  
Paula M. Macedo ◽  
Anabela P. Castro ◽  
Artur P. Águas
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Resistance To Infection
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