scholarly journals ELECTRON-OPAQUE FIBRILS AND GRANULES IN AND BETWEEN THE CELL WALLS OF HIGHER PLANTS

1972 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 695-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary G. Leppard ◽  
J. Ross Colvin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Morning Glory ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Cell Wall Matrix

The components of higher-plant cell walls which become electron-opaque after staining with ruthenium-osmium were studied by electron microscopy. A fibrillar material which absorbs this stain is a major wall constituent in the root epidermal cells of carrot and morning glory. In both form and size, these fibrils resemble those found on the surface of suspension-cultured cells of the same species Some cells of woody species show an irregular distribution of electron-opaque material in the cell wall matrix and middle lamella. This material, which has an amorphous appearance with many electron stains, is shown by ruthenium-osmium staining to be an aggregate of discrete granules, 150–220 A in diameter. These observations are not consistent with the concept of the cell wall matrix and middle lamella as an amorphous, uniform gel

scholarly journals Determination of Subunit Composition of Clostridium cellulovorans Cellulosomes That Degrade Plant Cell Walls

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1610-1615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koichiro Murashima ◽  
Akihiko Kosugi ◽  
Roy H. Doi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Scaffolding Protein ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Clostridium Cellulovorans ◽  
Plant Cell Wall Degradation

ABSTRACT Clostridium cellulovorans produces a cellulase enzyme complex (cellulosome). In this study, we isolated two plant cell wall-degrading cellulosomal fractions from culture supernatant of C. cellulovorans and determined their subunit compositions and enzymatic activities. One of the cellulosomal fractions showed fourfold-higher plant cell wall-degrading activity than the other. Both cellulosomal fractions contained the same nine subunits (the scaffolding protein CbpA, endoglucanases EngE and EngK, cellobiohydrolase ExgS, xylanase XynA, mannanase ManA, and three unknown proteins), although the relative amounts of the subunits differed. Since only cellobiose was released from plant cell walls by the cellulosomal fractions, cellobiohydrolases were considered to be key enzymes for plant cell wall degradation.

Transmission Electron Microscopy, Fluorescence Microscopy, and Confocal Raman Microscopic Analysis of Ultrastructural and Compositional Heterogeneity of Cornus alba L. Wood Cell Wall

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianfeng Ma ◽  
Zhe Ji ◽  
Xia Zhou ◽  
Zhiheng Zhang ◽  
Feng Xu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Cornus Alba ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Pit Membrane ◽  
Ray Parenchyma

AbstractTransmission electron microscopy (TEM), fluorescence microscopy, and confocal Raman microscopy can be used to characterize ultrastructural and compositional heterogeneity of plant cell walls. In this study, TEM observations revealed the ultrastructural characterization of Cornus alba L. fiber, vessel, axial parenchyma, ray parenchyma, and pit membrane between cells, notably with the ray parenchyma consisting of two well-defined layers. Fluorescence microscopy evidenced that cell corner middle lamella was more lignified than adjacent compound middle lamella and secondary wall with variation in lignification level from cell to cell. In situ Raman images showed that the inhomogeneity in cell wall components (cellulose and lignin) among different cells and within morphologically distinct cell wall layers. As the significant precursors of lignin biosynthesis, the pattern of coniferyl alcohol and aldehyde (joint abbreviation Lignin-CAA for both structures) distribution in fiber cell wall was also identified by Raman images, with higher concentration occurring in the fiber secondary wall where there was the highest cellulose concentration. Moreover, noteworthy was the observation that higher concentration of lignin and very minor amounts of cellulose were visualized in the pit membrane areas. These complementary microanalytical methods provide more accurate and complete information with regard to ultrastructural and compositional characterization of plant cell walls.

Structural Polysaccharides In Molecular Architecture of Plant Cell Wallsfrom Algae to Hardwoods

1991 ◽  
Vol 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Atalla ◽  
J. M. Hackney
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Ordered Structures ◽  
Phylogenetic Framework ◽  
Wall Mass

AbstractThe structural polysaccharides are a family of polymers of hexoses and pentoses that occur in all plant cell walls. The distinguishing characteristic of these polymers is a β-1,4-linked backbone. The most common among these is cellulose, which is the linear homopolymer of anhydroglucose. These polysaccharides are capable of aggregating into highly ordered structures that are the primary determinants of the mechanical and physical properties of cell walls. An overview of the variations in patterns. of structural-polysaccharide aggregation within cell walls is presented here. Among the majority of the algae cellulose is the dominant structural polysaccharide; thus the habit of aggregation is dominated by the patterns of cellulose. Among primitive plants, other structural polysaccharides represent a larger fraction of cell-wall mass and cellulose is less dominant. In woody tissues of higher plants, structural polysaccharides are the major components of the cell wall, and the patterns of aggregation are again dominated by the characteristic habits of cellulose. Within tile phylogenetic framework, higher levels of morphological development apparently involve greater complexity in the molecular architecture of the cell walls and a finer level of blending of the components of aggregates at the molecular level.

scholarly journals Mapping lignification dynamics with a combination of chemistry, data segmentation and ratiometric analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oriane Morel ◽  
Cédric Lion ◽  
Godfrey Neutelings ◽  
Jonathan Stefanov ◽  
Fabien Baldacci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
General Applicability ◽  
Fiber Cells ◽  
Data Segmentation ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Image Pixels ◽  
Interfascicular Fiber

This article describes a new methodology for detailed mapping of the lignification capacity of plant cell walls that we have called "REPRISAL" for REPorter Ratiometrics Integrating Segmentation for Analyzing Lignification. REPRISAL consists of the combination of three separate approaches. In the first approach, H*, G* and S* monolignol chemical reporters, corresponding to p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol, are used to label the growing lignin polymer in a fluorescent triple labelling strategy based on the sequential use of 3 main bioorthogonal chemical reactions. In the second step, an automatic parametric and/or artificial intelligence (AI) segmentation algorithm is developed that assigns fluorescent image pixels to 3 distinct cell wall zones corresponding to cell corners (CC), compound middle lamella (CML) and secondary cell walls (SCW). The last step corresponds to the exploitation of a ratiometric approach enabling statistical analyses of differences in monolignol reporter distribution (ratiometric method 1) and proportions (ratiometric method 2) within the different cell wall zones. In order to demonstrate the potential of REPRISAL for investigating lignin formation we firstly describe its use to map developmentally-related changes in the lignification capacity of WT Arabidopsis interfascicular fiber cells. We then show how it can be used to reveal subtle phenotypical differences in lignification by analyzing the Arabidopsis prx64 peroxidase mutant and provide further evidence for the implication of the AtPRX64 protein in floral stem lignification. Finally, we demonstrate the general applicability of REPRISAL by using it to map lignification capacity in poplar, flax and maize.

Silicification of wood-cell walls

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 428-429
Author(s):  
S. E. Keckler ◽  
D. M. Dabbs ◽  
N. Yao ◽  
I. A. Aksay
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Resin Composite ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Cellulose Fibers ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Rich Region ◽  
Inorganic Precursors

Cellular organic structures such as wood can be used as scaffolds for the synthesis of complex structures of organic/ceramic nanocomposites. The wood cell is a fiber-reinforced resin composite of cellulose fibers in a lignin matrix. A single cell wall, containing several layers of different fiber orientations and lignin content, is separated from its neighboring wall by the middle lamella, a lignin-rich region. In order to achieve total mineralization, deposition on and in the cell wall must be achieved. Geological fossilization of wood occurs as permineralization (filling the void spaces with mineral) and petrifaction (mineralizing the cell wall as the organic component decays) through infiltration of wood with inorganics after growth. Conversely, living plants can incorporate inorganics into their cells and in some cases into the cell walls during growth. In a recent study, we mimicked geological fossilization by infiltrating inorganic precursors into wood cells in order to enhance the properties of wood. In the current work, we use electron microscopy to examine the structure of silica formed in the cell walls after infiltration of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS).

scholarly journals Plant Cell Wall Hydration and Plant Physiology: An Exploration of the Consequences of Direct Effects of Water Deficit on the Plant Cell Wall

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1263
Author(s):  
David Stuart Thompson ◽  
Azharul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Bacterial Cellulose ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Degree Of Hydration ◽  
Cellulose Composites

The extensibility of synthetic polymers is routinely modulated by the addition of lower molecular weight spacing molecules known as plasticizers, and there is some evidence that water may have similar effects on plant cell walls. Furthermore, it appears that changes in wall hydration could affect wall behavior to a degree that seems likely to have physiological consequences at water potentials that many plants would experience under field conditions. Osmotica large enough to be excluded from plant cell walls and bacterial cellulose composites with other cell wall polysaccharides were used to alter their water content and to demonstrate that the relationship between water potential and degree of hydration of these materials is affected by their composition. Additionally, it was found that expansins facilitate rehydration of bacterial cellulose and cellulose composites and cause swelling of plant cell wall fragments in suspension and that these responses are also affected by polysaccharide composition. Given these observations, it seems probable that plant environmental responses include measures to regulate cell wall water content or mitigate the consequences of changes in wall hydration and that it may be possible to exploit such mechanisms to improve crop resilience.

A freeze-etch study of plant cell walls for ectodesmata

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 2033-2036 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. C. Lyon ◽  
W. C. Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Outer Cell ◽  
Plantago Major ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Epidermal Cell Wall ◽  
Outer Cell Wall

Leaf tissue of Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Plantago major L. was prepared by the freeze-etch technique and examined in the electron microscope for the presence of ectodesmata. No structures analagous to ectodesmata observed with light microscopy could be found in freeze-etched preparations of chemically unfixed material or in material fixed only in glutaraldehyde. Objects appearing as broad, shallow, granular areas in the epidermal cell wall beneath the cuticle were observed in leaf replicas after fixation in complete sublimate fixative, the acid components of the sublimate fixative, or mercuric chloride alone. Because of their distribution and location, these objects can be considered analagous to ectodesmata observed by light microscopists. Because these areas occur only in chemically fixed walls and are localized within the walls in discrete areas, their presence supports the contention that ectodesmata are sites in the outer cell wall with defined physicochemical characteristics.

scholarly journals A Label-free, Fast and High-specificity Technique for Plant Cell Wall Imaging and Composition Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huimin Xu ◽  
Yuanyuan Zhao ◽  
Yuanzhen Suo ◽  
Yayu Guo ◽  
Yi Man ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Raman Scattering ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Wall Imaging

Abstract Background: Cell wall imaging can considerably permit direct visualization of the molecular architecture of cell walls and provide the detailed chemical information on wall polymers, which is imperative to better exploit and use the biomass polymers; however, detailed imaging and quantifying of the native composition and architecture in the cell wall remains challenging.Results: Here, we describe a label-free imaging technology, coherent Raman scattering microscopy (CRS), including coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, which images the major structures and chemical composition of plant cell walls. The major steps of the procedure are demonstrated, including sample preparation, setting the mapping parameters, analysis of spectral data, and image generation. Applying this rapid approach, which will help researchers understand the highly heterogeneous structures and organization of plant cell walls.Conclusions: This method can potentially be incorporated into label-free microanalyses of plant cell wall chemical composition based on the in situ vibrations of molecules.

Isolation and Characterization of Plant Cell Walls and Cell Wall Components

1988 ◽  
pp. 3-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM S. YORK ◽  
ALAN G. DARVILL ◽  
MICHAEL MCNEIL ◽  
THOMAS T. STEVENSON ◽  
PETER ALBERSHEIM
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Wall Components

Isolation and characterization of plant cell walls and cell wall components

1986 ◽  
pp. 3-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. York ◽  
Alan G. Darvill ◽  
Michael McNeil ◽  
Thomas T. Stevenson ◽  
Peter Albersheim
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Wall Components
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