scholarly journals Retinal ganglion cell degeneration is topological but not cell type specific in DBA/2J mice

2005 ◽  
Vol 171 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana C. Jakobs ◽  
Richard T. Libby ◽  
Yixin Ben ◽  
Simon W.M. John ◽  
Richard H. Masland
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Optic Nerve Head ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Cell Loss ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Retinal Neurons ◽  
Cell Degeneration

Using a variety of double and triple labeling techniques, we have reevaluated the death of retinal neurons in a mouse model of hereditary glaucoma. Cell-specific markers and total neuron counts revealed no cell loss in any retinal neurons other than the ganglion cells. Within the limits of our ability to define cell types, no group of ganglion cells was especially vulnerable or resistant to degeneration. Retrograde labeling and neurofilament staining showed that axonal atrophy, dendritic remodeling, and somal shrinkage (at least of the largest cell types) precedes ganglion cell death in this glaucoma model. Regions of cell death or survival radiated from the optic nerve head in fan-shaped sectors. Collectively, the data suggest axon damage at the optic nerve head as an early lesion, and damage to axon bundles would cause this pattern of degeneration. However, the architecture of the mouse eye seems to preclude a commonly postulated source of mechanical damage within the nerve head.

A second episode of ganglion cell death takes place when an optic nerve regenerates for a second time in the frog

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. Beazley ◽  
J.E. Darby
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Cresyl Violet ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Nerve Crush ◽  
Optic Nerve Regeneration ◽  
Ability To Regenerate ◽  
Ganglion Cell Death

AbstractWe have previously reported that during optic nerve regeneration in the frog, 30–40% of retinal ganglion cells die, the loss being complete within 10 weeks. In the present study, we crushed the optic nerve, waited 10 weeks, and then recrushed the nerve at the same site. Retinae were examined 10 weeks later. We estimated ganglion cell numbers from cresyl-violet-stained wholemounts and found a fall of 53% compared to normals. The loss was significantly greater than the losses of 36% and 35%, respectively, in frogs which received a single optic nerve crush and were examined 10 or 20–24 weeks later. The results indicate that a second episode of ganglion cell death took place when the optic nerve regenerated a second time. We conclude that ganglion cells in the frog are not comprised of two subpopulations, only one of which intrinsically possesses the ability to regenerate.

The morphological characterization and distribution of displaced ganglion cells in the anuran retina

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 551-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pál Tóth ◽  
Charles Straznicky
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Dendritic Morphology ◽  
Peripheral Retina ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Retinal Position ◽  
Retinal Distribution

AbstractThe number, dendritic morphology, and retinal distribution of displaced ganglion cells were studied in two anuran species, Xenopus laevis and Bufo marinus. Horseradish peroxidase or cobaltic lysine complex was applied to the cut end of the optic nerve, and the size, shape, and retinal position of retrogradely filled ganglion cells displaced into the inner nuclear layer were determined in retinal wholemount and sectioned material. Approximately 1% of ganglion cells in Xenopus and 0.1% in Bufo were found to be displaced. In both species, many of the previously described orthotopic ganglion cell types (Straznicky & Straznicky, 1988; Straznicky et al., 1990) were present among displaced ganglion cells. In Xenopus more displaced ganglion cells were found in the retinal periphery than in the retinal center, and they formed 3 or 4 distinct bands around the optic nerve head. In Bufo the incidence of displaced ganglion cells was higher along the visual streak than in the dorsal and ventral peripheral retina. These results indicate that the distribution of displaced ganglion cells approximates the retinal distribution of orthotopic ganglion cells. One of the likely mechanisms to account for this developmental paradox may be that the formation of the inner plexiform layer, adjacent to the ciliary margin, acts as a mechanical barrier by preventing the entry of some of the late developing ganglion cells into the ganglion cell layer.

scholarly journals LOCALIZATION OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE IN THE TELEOST RETINA

1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHARLES W. NICHOLS ◽  
JAMES HEWITT ◽  
ALAN M. LATIES
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Nerve Fiber ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Fiber Layer ◽  
Nerve Fiber Layer ◽  
Additional Cell ◽  
Teleost Retina

Acetylcholinesterase is the sole cholinesterase enzyme identifiable histochemically in the teleost retina. Acetylcholinesterase is present in both amacrine and ganglion cells in the retinas of all three species of fish studied. No sign of acetylcholinesterase activity was found in ganglion cell axons either in the nerve fiber layer of the retina or in the optic nerve. Evidence is presented for the presence of acetylcholinesterase activity in additional cell types within the nuclear layer. The distribution of acetylcholinesterase-containing cells in teleost retina is compared to that in other species.

scholarly journals Spatial receptive field properties of rat retinal ganglion cells

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 403-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
WALTER F. HEINE ◽  
CHRISTOPHER L. PASSAGLIA
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
X And Y Cells ◽  
Y Cells

AbstractThe rat is a popular animal model for vision research, yet there is little quantitative information about the physiological properties of the cells that provide its brain with visual input, the retinal ganglion cells. It is not clear whether rats even possess the full complement of ganglion cell types found in other mammals. Since such information is important for evaluating rodent models of visual disease and elucidating the function of homologous and heterologous cells in different animals, we recorded from rat ganglion cells in vivo and systematically measured their spatial receptive field (RF) properties using spot, annulus, and grating patterns. Most of the recorded cells bore likeness to cat X and Y cells, exhibiting brisk responses, center-surround RFs, and linear or nonlinear spatial summation. The others resembled various types of mammalian W cell, including local-edge-detector cells, suppressed-by-contrast cells, and an unusual type with an ON–OFF surround. They generally exhibited sluggish responses, larger RFs, and lower responsiveness. The peak responsivity of brisk-nonlinear (Y-type) cells was around twice that of brisk-linear (X-type) cells and several fold that of sluggish cells. The RF size of brisk-linear and brisk-nonlinear cells was indistinguishable, with average center and surround diameters of 5.6 ± 1.3 and 26.4 ± 11.3 deg, respectively. In contrast, the center diameter of recorded sluggish cells averaged 12.8 ± 7.9 deg. The homogeneous RF size of rat brisk cells is unlike that of cat X and Y cells, and its implication regarding the putative roles of these two ganglion cell types in visual signaling is discussed.

scholarly journals Microvascular Density Is Associated With Retinal Ganglion Cell Axonal Volume in the Laminar Compartments of the Human Optic Nerve Head

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 1562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min H. Kang ◽  
Mengchen Suo ◽  
Chandrakumar Balaratnasingam ◽  
Paula K. Yu ◽  
William H. Morgan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cell ◽  
Optic Nerve Head ◽  
Microvascular Density ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Human Optic Nerve
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