scholarly journals CYTOCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LYSOSOMES AND PHAGOSOMES IN KIDNEY AND LIVER BY COMBINED STAINING FOR ACID PHOSPHATASE AND INTRAVENOUSLY INJECTED HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE

1964 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Straus
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Egg White ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
Weak Reaction ◽  
Tubule Cells ◽  
Portal Veins ◽  
Color Reactions ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Formalin Fixed

After incubation of formalin-fixed, frozen sections of kidney and liver from peroxidase-treated rats in an azo dye medium for acid phosphatase, and after subsequent incubation of the same sections with benzidine, phagosomes were stained blue and lysosomes were stained red in the same cells. It was observed that newly formed phagosomes were separate from preexisting lysosomes in the tubule cells of the kidney and in the Kupffer cells of the liver at early periods after treatment with peroxidase. At later periods, the color reactions for acid phosphatase and peroxidase occurred in the same granules. The reaction of peroxidase decreased gradually and disappeared from the phago-lysosomes after 2 to 3 days, whereas the reaction for acid phosphatase persisted. In the liver, most of the injected protein was concentrated in large phagosomes located at the periphery of the cells lining the sinusoids. The peribiliary lysosomes showed a relatively weak reaction for peroxidase in the proximity of the portal veins. After pathological changes of permeability, phagosomes and lysosomes lost their normal location and fused, in the interior of many liver cells, to form large vacuoles or spheres. The effects of a reduced load of peroxidase and the effects of the pretreatment with another protein (egg white) on the phago-lysosomes of the kidney were tested. The relationship of the fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes to the size of normal and pathological phago-lysosomes was discussed.

The Relationship of the Quaternary Structure of Factor VIII to its Biological Activities

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Counts ◽  
S.L. Paskell
Keyword(s):  
Factor Viii ◽  
Quaternary Structure ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Initial Activity ◽  
Rabbit Antibody ◽  
Basic Subunit ◽  
Von Willebrand ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Formalin Fixed

Purified factor VIII exists as a homologous series of multimers in which the protomeric unit is a dimer of the basic subunit. On reduction by 2-mercaptoethanol, clotting activity (VIII:C) persists at 90% of the initial activity when the only species present are monomers and dimers. In contrast, Von Willebrand activity (VIII:VWF) is lost concurrently with the disaggregation of multimers and is decreased to 5% of the starting activity when only monomers and dimers remain. VIII:Ag reactivity with rabbit antibody is Likewise lost on reduction, but the VIII:C activity of the reduced protein is inhibitable by hemophilic a-VIII antibodies. Unreduced VIII binds to fresh or formalin fixed platelets in the presence of ristocetin or vancomycin. Although the apparent Ka for binding is high, approximately 5 x 108 M-1, binding is dependent on an excess or ristocetin. On removal of ristocetin or vancomycin by serial dilution, platelet-bound factor VIII readily dissociates. Reduced factor VIII also binds to platelets in the presence of ristocetin with a Ka of approximately 108M-1, but does not cause platelet aggregation. These data suggest that the multimeric structure of factor VIII is not necessary for VIII:C activity nor for binding to platelets but may be important for VWF platelet-aggregating activity.

scholarly journals A Simple Enzyme Histochemical Method for the Simultaneous Demonstration of Acetylcholinesterase and Monoamine Oxidase in Fixed-Frozen Sections

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 895-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel D. Dunning ◽  
John G. McHaffie ◽  
Barry E. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Monoamine Oxidase ◽  
Histochemical Method ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
Histochemical Technique ◽  
Brightfield Microscopy ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Simultaneous Visualization ◽  
Enzyme Histochemical Technique

We describe an enzyme histochemical technique for the simultaneous demonstration of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) (Types A, B, or A+B) in fixed-frozen sections. Several regions in the mesencephalon and brainstem were examined for both somatic and neuropil labeling. The results obtained are equivalent or superior to those obtained using previous methods for the individual localization of these enzymes. The simultaneous visualization of AChE and MAO in the same section allows the relationship of the two enzymes to be easily assessed with brightfield microscopy.

scholarly journals The Relationship of the Lysozyme Fraction in Thick Egg White to Fertility and Hatchability of Eggs

1970 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 987-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.A. Sauter ◽  
C.F. Petersen ◽  
E.E. Steele
Keyword(s):  
Egg White ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE RECEPTORS OF A NEW STRAIN OF VIRUS TO THOSE OF THE MUMPS-NDV-INFLUENZA GROUP

1950 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
George K. Hirst
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Egg White ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cellular Receptors ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The interrelationships of the cellular receptors and the hemagglutinin inhibitors of a new strain of virus (1233) to members of the mumps-Newcastle disease-influenza group have been investigated. It was found that strain. 1233 does not destroy the receptors or inhibitors of the other group, nor does the latter destroy 1233 receptors or inhibitor. The sole exception to this statement was a moderate destruction of 1233 inhibitor in egg white by Newcastle disease virus. The classification of strain 1233 was discussed in the light of this evidence, evidence which tends to place strain 1233 in a different category from that of any other strain of the MNI group.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF STREPTOCOCCUS

1926 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin A. Stevens ◽  
A. R. Dochez
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Difference ◽  
Strain Specificity ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Weak Reaction ◽  
Hemolytic Streptococcus ◽  
Homologous Strain ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The interpretation of the results in these experiments is difficult on account of the variations in the physical capacity of different strains of hemolytic streptococcus to agglutinate and absorb agglutinin. Even when the antigens for agglutination and absorption are standardized and sera are carefully titrated variations in agglutination occur with different strains and sera. Variations may occur because of differences in the titer of the immune sera employed. In a large series of reactions with the same sera and strains, errors in interpretation depending on these factors can be eliminated because strains which agglutinate poorly will consistently give weak reaction with all sera, and weak sera will agglutinate all strains poorly. after such variations See PDF for Structure in agglutination are eliminated, if a strain varies grossly in agglutination with different sera, or the titer of different sera varies with the same strain as in Tables I to III, variations which occur must represent antigenic dissimilarities. We have previously commented on the dissimilarity of the individual strains in the scarlatinal and erysipelas groups. Although the strains within each of the groups are related they are seldom identical. This individuality of the strain was indicated by the fact that absorption by heterologous strains failed to absorb the agglutinin for the strain homologous with the serum. This strain individuality is again apparent in Tables I to III. Doses of heterologous strains equivalent to the unit absorptive dose which has already been defined, fail to remove the agglutinin for the homologous strain. This dose is sufficient however, to absorb the agglutinin for practically all heterologous strains. It appears from this observation that the strain specificity dominates the group specificity. Between the unit absorptive dose and a dose which is approximately 0.2 to 0.3 of this unit, is a zone of great variation in absorption and agglutination. Below this zone absorption is complete for few strains. The differences in titer of various strains and absorbed sera in the zone where variations occur are very definite. For example in Table II, Strain E IX agglutinates well in Serum II absorbed with Strains E I and E III but poorly in serum absorbed with Strain E II. Numerous similar examples may be found. In a few instances heterologous strains agglutinate nearly as well as the homologous strains in these absorbed sera. Such strains probably resemble the homologous strains closely. These resemblances are not confined to the erysipelas strains but occur among the scarlet strains which agglutinate in erysipelas sera. Apparently it is impo—ssible to distinguish such scarlatinal strains from erysipelas strains by absorption of agglutinin. The relationship shown by these absorption tests is additional evidence in favor of the mosaic nature of the antigen. Strains of streptococcus of the erysipelas groups are apparently composed of several agglutinogenic fractions. If the antigen of a strain is made up of the fractions A, B, C, D, and E, serum for that strain would contain A, B, C, D, and E agglutinins. If this serum were absorbed with the homologous strain or an identical heterologous strain the agglutinin would be completely absorbed. On the other hand a qualitative or quantitative difference between the two strains would be apparent in the absorption and agglutination reactions. Such differences are evident in Tables I to III. This serum would agglutinate any strain containing any one or several of the fractions, but absorption of the serum by such a strain would leave fractions of the agglutinin in the serum. This absorbed serum would agglutinate the homologous strain. Heterologous strains would agglutinate if fractions remained in the serum corresponding to their antigenic components. Hence the reactions in the absorbed serum would depend on the qualitative and quantitative relationships between the component fractions in the serum, the absorbing strain, and the strains agglutinated. This conception of multiple antigens is not new in bacteriology. Durham (3) explained the reactions in the colon-typhoid group of bacilli on this basis. More recently Durand and Sedallian (4), and Andrewes, Derick, and Swift (5) have expressed the opinion that the agglutination reactions with hemolytic streptococcus can only be accounted for in this way. In many respects the reactions observed with the colon-typhoid group of Gram-negative bacilli resemble those experienced with the erysipelas and scarlatinal groups of hemolytic streptococcus. Apparently we have exhausted the possibilities of studying these groups further by agglutination and absorption. Our knowledge regarding the specificity and relationship of the antigenic fractions must come from the study of fractions isolated and refined by chemical methods.

scholarly journals Defining the relationship of the optic radiation to the roof and floor of the ventricular atrium: a focused microanatomical study

2019 ◽  
Vol 130 (5) ◽  
pp. 1728-1739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos Koutsarnakis ◽  
Aristotelis V. Kalyvas ◽  
Spyridon Komaitis ◽  
Faidon Liakos ◽  
Georgios P. Skandalakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Part ◽  
Optic Radiation ◽  
Collateral Sulcus ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
Optic Fibers ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Optic Radiations ◽  
Formalin Fixed

OBJECTIVEThe authors investigated the specific topographic relationship of the optic radiation fibers to the roof and floor of the ventricular atrium because the current literature is ambiguous.METHODSThirty-five normal, adult, formalin-fixed cerebral hemispheres and 30 focused MRI slices at the level of the atrium were included in the study. The correlative anatomy of the optic radiation with regard to the atrial roof and floor was investigated in 15 specimens, each through focused fiber microdissections. The remaining 5 hemispheres were explored with particular emphasis on the trajectory of the collateral sulcus in relation to the floor of the atrium. In addition, the trajectory of the collateral sulcus was evaluated in 30 MRI scans.RESULTSThe atrial roof was observed to be devoid of optic radiations in all studied hemispheres, whereas the atrial floor was seen to harbor optic fibers on its lateral part. Moreover, the trajectory of the intraparietal sulcus, when followed, was always seen to correspond to the roof of the atrium, thus avoiding the optic pathway, whereas that of the collateral sulcus was found to lead to either the lateral atrial floor or outside the ventricle in 88% of the cases, therefore hitting the visual pathway.CONCLUSIONSOperative corridors accessing the ventricular atrium should be carefully tailored through detailed preoperative planning and effective use of intraoperative navigation to increase patient safety and enhance the surgeon’s maneuverability. The authors strongly emphasize the significance of accurate anatomical knowledge.

scholarly journals THE RELATIONSHIP OF CHRONIC PROTEIN INTOXICATION IN ANIMALS TO ANAPHYLAXIS

1915 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 793-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warfield T. Longcope
Keyword(s):  
Horse Serum ◽  
Egg White ◽  
Foreign Proteins ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Made In

Such foreign proteins as horse serum and egg-white in the amounts employed in these experiments do not produce evidences of intoxication immediately after injection into rabbits. Single large injections do, however, produce changes in the parenchymatous organs after a period often to twenty-one days. These develop at the time or immediately after the animal has formed antibodies for the foreign proteins. The mechanism of the development of the lesions in the myocardium, liver, and kidneys of rabbits is thus the same, whether a single inoculation is given or whether repeated inoculations are made in sensitized animals. By the latter method, however, much more marked and extensive changes may be produced.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF RECOVERY IN PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA

1946 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Barry Wood ◽  
Mary Ruth Smith ◽  
Barbara Watson
Keyword(s):  
Pneumococcal Pneumonia ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Surface Phenomenon ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Fluid Medium ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Determining Factor ◽  
Formalin Fixed ◽  
Phagocytic Reaction

1. Evidence has been presented in previous publications that the phagocytosis of pneumococci in the pneumonic lung during chemotherapy is due neither to specific opsonins nor to capsular injury (1, 2). The present studies have shown that the phagocytosis taking place in the lung is independent of any sort of intermediary factor and results from a direct action of the phagocytic cells upon the pneumococci. 2. Phagocytosis in the absence of antibody has been demonstrated not only in the lungs of living rats but in formalin-fixed lungs, on the surfaces of a variety of tissues (both freshly removed from the animal and previously "killed" with heat), and on the surfaces of such inert materials as moistened filter paper, cloth, and fiber glass. On the other hand, smooth materials such as glass, cellophane, albumin, and paraffin have failed to support the phagocytic reaction. This latter observation indicates that the physical character of the surface to which the leucocytes have access constitutes a determining factor in the non-antibody mechanism of phagocytosis. 3. Further experiments have defined the relationship of "surface phagocytosis" to that induced by specific opsonins. The non-antibody mechanism was found to operate only upon surfaces of suitable physical properties, whereas opsonins enabled phagocytes floating freely in a fluid medium to engulf the fully encapsulated organisms. 4. Direct visualization of the surface phenomenon in the lung revealed that leucocytes phagocyte the virulent organisms in the absence of antibody only after having trapped them against the alveolar walls. Once the encapsulated pneumococci have been ingested, they can be seen to undergo digestion within a few hours. The discovery of the phenomenon of surface phagocytosis affords clarification of previously unanswered problems concerning the mechanism of recovery in pneumococcal pneumonia.

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