scholarly journals A three-dimensional structural dissection of Drosophila polytene chromosomes.

1995 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Urata ◽  
S J Parmelee ◽  
D A Agard ◽  
J W Sedat
Keyword(s):  
Rna Polymerase Ii ◽  
Polytene Chromosome ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Band Shape ◽  
Structural Details ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Relationship Of

We have analyzed the three-dimensional structural details of Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosome bands and interbands using three-dimensional light microscopy and a novel method of sample preparation that does not involve flattening or stretching the chromosomes. Bands have been visualized in unfixed chromosomes stained with the DNA specific dye 4,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Interbands have been visualized using fixed chromosomes that have been immunostained with an antibody to RNA polymerase II. Additionally, these structures have been analyzed using in situ hybridization with probes from specific genetic loci (Notch and white). Bands are seen to be composed of approximately 36 substructural features that measure 0.2-0.4 micron in diameter. We suggest that these substructural features are in fact longitudinal fibers made up of bundles of chromatids. Band shape can be a reproducible characteristic of a particular band and is dependent on the spatial relationship of these bundles, varying from bands with a uniform distribution of bundles to bands with a peripheral concentration of chromatin. Interbands are composed of bundles of chromatids of a similar size and number as those seen in the bands. The distribution of bundles is similar between a band and the neighboring interband, implying that there is a long range organization to the DNA that includes both the coding and the noncoding portions of genes. Finally, we note that the polytene chromosome has a circular shape when viewed in cross section, whether there are one or two homologs present.

THE APPLICATION OF STEREOSCOPIC VIDEO TO UNDERWATER REMOTELY OPERATED VEHICLES

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 797 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Stereoscopic Display ◽  
Stereoscopic Video ◽  
Remotely Operated Vehicles ◽  
Video System ◽  
North West ◽  
Manipulator Arm ◽  
Relationship Of

A stereoscopic video system for use with Underwater Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) has been developed by Curtin University's Centre for Marine Science and Technology. The system provides ROV operators with a fully three-dimensional (stereoscopic) view of the ROVs surroundings. This increased perception of depth offers several advantages to both the piloting of ROVs and also to the operation of an ROV manipulator arm.The stereoscopic video system consists of an underwater stereoscopic video camera which fits on the ROV and a stereoscopic display which is installed in the ship-based ROV control room. The system was developed in close cooperation with Woodside Offshore Petroleum which has used the system on their Triton ROV. Three ROVs are currently operated at Woodside's oil fields on Western Australia's North West Shelf.Field use of the system on the Triton ROV has revealed many advantages of stereoscopic video. One of the areas where advantages are particularly evident is in the operation of the manipulator arm. Operators have reported that it is perceptually easier to perform manipulator tasks. This is because the spatial relationship of objects can be immediately identified, making object placement and alignment easier. The system also provides a better understanding of the work site and a perceived improvement in image quality and therefore improved visibility.

scholarly journals Specializations in filopodial membranes at points of attachment to the substrate.

1980 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 562-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
J M Robinson ◽  
M J Karnovsky
Keyword(s):  
Cell Body ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Mouse Cell ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Functional Specialization ◽  
Monolayer Cultures ◽  
Relationship Of

A mouse cell line (LM), which grows predominantly as spindle-shaped cells with numerous filopodia, was employed in this study. These filopodial projections appear to be important as sites of attachment to the substratum in LM cells. Morphologically the filopodia are slender projections from the cell body which usually attach to the substrate at their distal ends (filopodial footpads). Freeze-fracture of monolayer cultures in situ preserves the spatial relationship of filopodial processes to that of the cell body. Examination of these freeze-fracture preparations reveals a striking difference in the density of intramembrane particles (IMP) in the filopodial-footpad plasmalemma compared with the plasmalemma of the cell body (number of IMP in footpad > cell body). Additionally, there is a marked difference in the number of filipin-sterol complexes on the cell body, compared with the filopodial footpad, implying a difference in the cholesterol content in these regions (filipin-sterol complexes in footpad < cell body). These data suggest a structural and functional specialization of the filopodial-footpad plasma membrane which may be related to cell adhesion.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional ultrasound in the preoperative staging of rectal cancer: State of the art

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Giulio Santoro ◽  
Fabrizio Vittadello
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Cancer ◽  
Anal Verge ◽  
Preoperative Staging ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
T2 Lesions ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Endoscopic Microsurgery ◽  
Circumferential Resection Margin Involvement ◽  
Relationship Of

Imaging modalities such as endorectal ultrasonography (ERUS), pelvic magnetic resonance (MRI) and computed tomography play a fundamental role in evaluating recatl cancer preoperatively, planning surgical procedures, and selecting patients for neoadjuvant therapy. Based on the best available evidence, ERUS is recommended to accurately discriminate between T1 and T2 lesions, for low rectal cancer, defined as 0-5cm from the anal verge, if local excision (with transanal excision of transanal endoscopic microsurgery) is being considered. MRI is the best modality to detect mesorectal fascia invasion and to predict circumferential resection margin involvement. Both modalities have similar limitations in distinguishing metastatic from bening lumph node in the mesorectum. Due to higher panoramicity and multiplanar reconstruction, three-dimensional ERUS allows to visualize the spatial relationship of the rectal tumour in the context of the surrounding structures, improving the accuracy of ultra-sonographic staging. Technological advances and perspectives of ERUS under investigations are represented by real-time colour elastography, Doppler US and contrast-enhanced US.

scholarly journals Spatial Orientation Of Objects Based On Processing Of A Natural Language Text For Storyboard Generation

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1213-1238
Author(s):  
Vlada Vladimirovna Kugurakova ◽  
Gulnara Faritovna Sahibgareeva ◽  
An' Zung Nguyen ◽  
Andrey Maksimovich Astafiev
Keyword(s):  
Video Games ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Spatial Orientation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Spatial Knowledge ◽  
Natural Language Text ◽  
Camera Rotation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Language Text

The article is devoted to our approaches to processing text in natural language to clarify the specific spatial relationship of objects and three-dimensional frame-by-frame visualization. The proposed approach allows us to show how the explicit constraints of the extracted spatial relationships affect and makes it possible to create possible layouts of objects on the scene. Natural language interpretations for spatial knowledge can generate three-dimensional scenes, which in turn are necessary to translate the scriptwriter's intent into the design of video games. The work also takes into account the rules of directing to create successful shots. Among them, accounting for the plan, camera rotation, as well as compositional nuances.

Localization of HPV and SC35 Domains in SiHa and CaSki Cells by TSA Using Fluorescent Tyramides

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (S2) ◽  
pp. 141-142
Author(s):  
K.E. Adler ◽  
P.T. Moen ◽  
T.J. Erickson ◽  
M.N. Bobrow
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Hpv Dna ◽  
Siha Cells ◽  
Specialized Equipment ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Antigen 5

Detection of integrated HPV DNA in SiHa and CaSki cells has been demonstrated by in situ PCR (1,2,3) and more recently TSA (4). These reports focused on high sensitivity single copy HPV detection using chromogenic techniques. Here we utilize high resolution and high sensitivity fluorescent methods of detection to analyze the spatial relationship of HPV DNA with respect to subnuclear domains enriched in splicing-related proteins, shown here by immunofluorescent detection of the SC-35 antigen (5). In situhybridization was performed using conventional reagents and the resulting probe signal amplified using fluorescent labeled tyramides (6). In contrast to techniques such as in situ PCR which require specialized procedures and equipment, detection of HPV DNA in SiHa cells was rapidly and routinely achieved using no specialized equipment. In addition, high target resolution was maintained, in contrast to in situ PCR, which is plagued by signal dispersion and difficult localization (7).

Three-Dimensional Ultrasonic Scanning

1984 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.-E. Fredfeldt ◽  
H. H. Holm ◽  
J. F. Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Video Signal ◽  
Ultrasound Images ◽  
Ultrasonic Scanning ◽  
Oscilloscope Screen ◽  
Dynamic Ultrasound ◽  
Conventional Ultrasound ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Ultrasound Scanner

Simple experiments which form the basis for a true 3-D demonstration of sectional images are presented and a method for genuine 3-D display of dynamic ultrasound images is described. Eight ultrasound images are recorded with a slightly different angulation of the transducer. The images are extracted from the video signal from a conventional ultrasound scanner and stored in eight digital memories. After recording, each image is displayed on an oscilloscope screen, which is viewed via a fast oscillating mirror. The position of the mirror determines which of the eight images are to be displayed and thereby ensures a correct spatial relationship of the images, resulting in a true 3-D scan presentation.

Chromosomal basis of dosage compensation in Drosophila. X. Assessment of hyperactivity of the male X in situ

1981 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 295-309
Author(s):  
R.N. Chatterjee ◽  
A.S. Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Rna Polymerase Ii ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Dosage Compensation ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Template Activity ◽  
High Positive Correlation ◽  
Assay Conditions

The results of examination of the template activity of the fixed polytene chromosomes of Drosophila hydei, monitored by 3H-UTP, under in situ assay conditions, upon the use of endogenous Drosophila polymerase, exogenous Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (holoenzyme) and exogenous Drosophila RNA polymerase II (or B) have been presented. Analysis of the data reveals that the transcription patterns with the 3 enzymes are not strictly comparable with the pattern obtained under in vivo conditions. Yet, with each of the 3 conditions of assay, there is a reasonable concordance between the template activity on the single X chromosome of the male and the paired Xs of the female, as observed under in vivo. There is also, in every case, a high positive correlation between the 3H-UMP incorporation into the X chromosome and that into a specific autosome. A site-wise analysis of 3H-UMP labelling under the 3 assay conditions also reveals that for most of the regions, the sites which are highly active in vivo also show high labelling in situ, and the proportionally is maintained in both sexes. These result have been interpreted to have suggested that the hyperactivity of the male X vis-a-vis dosage compensation in Drosophila is primarily a property of the inherent organization of the X chromosome itself and is achieved through modulation in the organization, rather than exclusively through autosomal factor(s), although a secondary level of autosomal regulation has not yet been ruled out.

Molecular genetic mapping of three X-linked avirulence genes, vH6, vH9 andvH13, in the Hessian fly

Genome ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 821-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
S J Schulte ◽  
S D Rider, Jr. ◽  
J H Hatchett ◽  
J J Stuart
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Hessian Fly ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Mayetiola Destructor ◽  
Avirulence Genes ◽  
Hessian Fly Resistance ◽  
Relationship Of

Three X-linked avirulence genes, vH6, vH9, and vH13 in the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor, confer avirulence to Hessian fly resistance genes H6, H9, and H13 in wheat. We used a combination of two- and three-point crosses to determine the order of these genes with respect to each other, the white eye mutation and three X-linked molecular markers, G15-1, 020, and 021, developed from genomic lambda clones, λG15-1, λ020, and λ021. The gene order was determined to be vH9-vH6-G15-1-w-vH13-020-021. In situ hybridization of λG15-1, λ020, and λ021, on the polytene chromosomes of the Hessian fly salivary gland established their orientation on Hessian fly chromosome X1. Based on the size of the Hessian fly genome, and the genetic distances between markers, the relationship of physical to genetic distance was estimated at no more than 300 kb/cM along Hessian fly chromosome X1, suggesting that map-based cloning of these avirulence genes will be feasible.Key words: Mayetiola destructor, avirulence genes, genetic map, SSCP, in situ hybridization.

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