Case marking in the Parsing of Complement Sentences: Evidence from Eye Movements

1996 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 991-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Traxler ◽  
Martin J. Pickering
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Short Delay ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Initial Processing

An eye-tracking experiment investigated the role of case-marking in parsing. We manipulated the case of pronouns in reduced complement sentences like I recognized you and your family would be unhappy here and I recognized she and her family would be unhappy here, in which the nominative pronoun she immediately disambiguates the sentences, in contrast to the ambiguous you. The nominative pronoun she disambiguates the sentence because I recognised she is ungrammatical, and thus she and her family must be the subject of an embedded sentence and not the NP-object of the preceding verb. Subjects took longer to read she and her family than you and your family during initial processing. The pattern reversed at the disambiguating phrase would be. Unambiguous control sentences containing the complementizer that did not produce case-marking effects. These results demonstrate very rapid effects of case-marking on parsing. Either case information is used immediately, or it is employed after an extremely short delay. We discuss implications for current theories of parsing.

scholarly journals Exploring Young Children’s Use of Illustrations in a Picturebook

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen M. Feathers ◽  
Poonam Arya
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Oral Reading ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Text Processing ◽  
Third Grade

Using analysis of oral reading and eye movements, this study examined how third grade children used visual information as they orally read either the original or the adapted version of a picturebook.  Eye tracking was examined to identify when and why students focused on images as well as what they looked at in the images.  Results document children’s deliberate use of images and point to the important role of images in text processing. The content of images, availability and placement of text and images on a page, and children’s personal strategies affected the use of images.  

Children’s and adults’ eye movements and the extraction of number information from redundant markings

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Maximiliano Gomez ◽  
Carolina Holtheuer ◽  
Karen Miller ◽  
Cristina Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Subject Noun ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Chilean Spanish ◽  
Require Information

We present an eye tracking study comparing 3.5- to 7.5-year-old children and adults’ use of number information on the verb and/or the determiner of the subject noun phrase in Chilean Spanish, a dialect of Spanish with variable realization of plural morphology in the noun phrase (due to phonological weakening) and categorical realization of number on the verb. Our results suggest that, while adults can determine whether the subject refers to a plurality or a singleton set based on the morphology of the verb alone, even 5- to 7-year-old children do not and, instead, require information from the noun phrase determiner to make a decision. Children younger than 5 years cannot use number on the verb and on the determiner to make a decision, which supports Miller and Schmitt’s (2010, 2012) hypothesis that number morphology is not always mapped into syntactic and semantic features by younger children in varieties of Spanish where number is subject to variation.

scholarly journals Collaborative Use of a Shared System Interface: The Role of User Gaze—Gaze Convergence Index Based on Synchronous Dual-Eyetracking

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 4508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armel Quentin Tchanou ◽  
Pierre-Majorique Léger ◽  
Jared Boasen ◽  
Sylvain Senecal ◽  
Jad Adam Taher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Nomological Network ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
System Interfaces

Gaze convergence of multiuser eye movements during simultaneous collaborative use of a shared system interface has been proposed as an important albeit sparsely explored construct in human-computer interaction literature. Here, we propose a novel index for measuring the gaze convergence of user dyads and address its validity through two consecutive eye-tracking studies. Eye-tracking data of user dyads were synchronously recorded while they simultaneously performed tasks on shared system interfaces. Results indicate the validity of the proposed gaze convergence index for measuring the gaze convergence of dyads. Moreover, as expected, our gaze convergence index was positively associated with dyad task performance and negatively associated with dyad cognitive load. These results suggest the utility of (theoretical or practical) applications such as synchronized gaze convergence displays in diverse settings. Further research perspectives, particularly into the construct’s nomological network, are warranted.

scholarly journals The role of emoticons in sarcasm comprehension in younger and older adults: Evidence from an eye-tracking experiment

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 1729-1744
Author(s):  
Hannah Elizabeth Howman ◽  
Ruth Filik
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Time Processing ◽  
Time Reading ◽  
Positive Nature

We present an eye-tracking experiment examining moment-to-moment processes underlying the comprehension of emoticons. Younger (18–30) and older (65+) participants had their eye movements recorded while reading scenarios containing comments that were ambiguous between literal or sarcastic interpretations (e.g., But you’re so quick though). Comments were accompanied by wink emoticons or full stops. Results showed that participants read earlier parts of the wink scenarios faster than those with full stops, but then spent more time reading the text surrounding the emoticon. Thus, readers moved more quickly to the end of the text when there was a device that may aid interpretation but then spent more time processing the conflict between the superficially positive nature of the comment and the tone implied by the emoticon. Interestingly, the wink increased the likelihood of a sarcastic interpretation in younger adults only, suggesting that perceiver-related factors play an important role in emoticon interpretation.

Non-canonical case marking on subjects in Russian and Lithuanian

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-196
Author(s):  
Marco Magnani
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Nominative Case ◽  
Differential Object Marking ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Object Marking ◽  
Role Of Information

Abstract In case-marking languages with nominative-accusative alignment the subject of a sentence is usually marked by nominative case. In some of these languages, however, the subject of a number of verbs is either consistently or alternately marked by another, non-nominative case. Such non-canonical case marking has often been approached in the linguistic literature as a phenomenon at the interface between syntax and semantics. Yet the predictions of this kind of approach seem more probabilistic than regular. This paper offers a new perspective to analyse the phenomenon, which encompasses the role of information structure in case marking. Drawing on Silverstein’s (1976) theory of differential subject marking and Dalrymple & Nikolaeva’s (2011) approach to differential object marking, it is argued that non-canonically case-marked subjects can be better analysed as instances of either non-topical subjects or subjects lacking one or more semantic features typical of topicality. The approach outlined in the paper is tested on a number of constructions in Russian and Lithuanian. It is shown how, in both languages, the analysed instances of non-canonically case-marked subjects exhibit a complex interplay among grammatical, semantic and discourse-pragmatic factors.

Ambiguous Pronoun Resolution

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juhani Järvikivi ◽  
Roger P.G. van Gompel ◽  
Jukka Hyönä ◽  
Raymond Bertram
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Cognitive Structure ◽  
Visual World ◽  
Pronoun Resolution ◽  
Structure Building ◽  
Grammatical Subject ◽  
The Subject

A visual-world eye-tracking experiment investigated the influence of order of mention and grammatical role on resolution of ambiguous pronouns in Finnish. According to the first-mention account, general cognitive structure-building processes make the first-mentioned noun phrase the preferred antecedent of an ambiguous pronoun. According to the subject-preference account, the preferred antecedent is the grammatical subject of the preceding clause or sentence. Participants listened to sentences in either subject-verb-object or object-verb-subject order; each was followed by a sentence containing an ambiguous pronoun that referred to either the subject or the object. Participants' eye movements were monitored while they looked at pictures representing the two possible antecedents of each pronoun. Analyses of the fixations on the pictures showed that listeners used both order-of-mention and grammatical-role information to resolve ambiguous pronouns.

scholarly journals The Reading Signatures of Agreement Attraction

Open Mind ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Sol Lago ◽  
Carlos Acuña Fariña ◽  
Enrique Meseguer
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Verb Agreement ◽  
Fixation Durations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Attraction Effects ◽  
Noun Number ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Reading Profiles

Abstract The comprehension of subject-verb agreement shows “attraction effects,” which reveal that number computations can be derailed by nouns that are grammatically unlicensed to control agreement with a verb. However, previous results are mixed regarding whether attraction affects the processing of grammatical and ungrammatical sentences alike. In a large-sample eye-tracking replication of Lago et al. (2015), we support this “grammaticality asymmetry” by showing that the reading profiles associated with attraction depend on sentence grammaticality. In ungrammatical sentences, attraction affected both fixation durations and regressive eye-movements at the critical disagreeing verb. Meanwhile, both grammatical and ungrammatical sentences showed effects of the attractor noun number prior to the verb, in the first- and second-pass reading of the subject phrase. This contrast suggests that attraction effects in comprehension have at least two different sources: the first reflects verb-triggered processes that operate mainly in ungrammatical sentences. The second source reflects difficulties in the encoding of the subject phrase, which disturb comprehension in both grammatical and ungrammatical sentences.

scholarly journals Combining eye tracking with EEG: Effects of filter settings on EEG for trials containing task relevant eye-movements

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louisa Kulke ◽  
Vincent Kulke
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
List Type ◽  
Pass Filter ◽  
Eeg Data ◽  
Movement Artifacts ◽  
Filter Frequency ◽  
High Pass

Co-registration of electroencephalography (EEG) and eye movements is becoming increasingly popular, as technology advances. This new method has several advantages, including the possibility of testing non-verbal populations and infants. However, eye movements can create artefacts in EEG data. Previous methods to remove eye-movement artefacts, have used high-pass filters before data processing. However, the role of filter settings for eye-artefact exclusion has not directly been investigated. The current study examined the effect of filter settings on EEG recorded in a dataset containing task-relevant eye movements. Part 1 models the effects of filters on eye-movement artifacts and part 2 demonstrates this effect on an EEG dataset containing task-relevant eye-movements. It shows that high-pass filters can lead to significant distortions and create artificial responses that are unrelated to the target. In conclusion, high-pass filter settings of 0.1 or lower can be recommended for EEG studies involving task-relevant eye movements.HighlightsCo-registration of EEG and eye-tracking is gaining popularityHowever, eye movements can create artifacts in the EEG signalThe current paper models the effect of high pass filters on eye-movement artifactsHigh pass filters can induce large distortions in EEG data containing regular eye-movementsThe distortion is affected by fixation duration and filter frequency

scholarly journals I’ve Seen Enough! Prolonged and Repeated Exposure to Disgusting Stimuli Increases Oculomotor Avoidance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Armstrong ◽  
Jeremy Stewart ◽  
Edwin S. Dalmaijer ◽  
Megan Rowe ◽  
Siri Danielson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Repeated Exposure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sensory Qualities

Disgust motivates avoidance of stimuli associated with pathogens. Although disgust primarily inhibits oral and epidermal contact, it may also inhibit perceptual contact, particularly given the outsize role of sensory qualities in eliciting disgust. To examine perceptual avoidance of disgust, we presented images of bodily products or spoiled food paired with neutral images for 12-s trials and recorded eye movements (Experiment 1; N= 127). We found that overall, these disgusting images were not visually avoided compared to neutral images. However, viewing of disgusting images decreased with prolonged (within-trial) and repeated (between-trial) exposure, and these trends were uniquely predicted by self-reported disgust to the images. In Experiment 2 (N = 84), we replicated Experiment 1 with a novel set of disgusting images, as well as other unpleasant image categories (suicide, threat) and pleasant images. We found that disgusting stimuli were viewed less than the other unpleasant image categories, and we again found that viewing of disgusting images decreased with prolonged and repeated exposure. Further, we replicated the finding that disgust ratings uniquely predicted decreasing viewing of disgusting images, but only for prolonged exposure (within-trial). Unexpectedly, we found that disgust ratings uniquely predicted a similar pattern of decreasing viewing for the suicide and threat images as well. These findings suggest that disgust inhibits perceptual contact, but in competition with motivational processes that steer attention towards pathogen threats. We discuss the implications for measuring disgust with eye tracking.

scholarly journals What can wh-questions tell us about real-time language production: Evidence from English and Mandarin

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Monica Do ◽  
Elsi Kaiser ◽  
Pengchen Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Initial Experiment ◽  
Role Assignment ◽  
Wh Questions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Information Focus

We present two visual-world eye-tracking experiments investigating how speakers begin structuring their messages for linguistic utterances, a process known as linguistic encoding. Specifically, we focus on when speakers first linearize the abstract elements of their messages (positional processing) and when they first assign a grammatical role to those elements (functional processing). Experiment 1 de-coupled the process of linearization from grammatical role assignment using English object wh-questions, where the subject is no longer sentence initial. Experiment 2 used Mandarin declaratives and questions, which have the same word order, to test the extent to which findings from Experiment 1 were linked to information focus associated with wh-questions. We find evidence of both grammatical role assignment and linearization emerging around 400-600 ms, but we do not find evidence of the +/- wh distinction influencing eye-movements during that same time window.

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