scholarly journals Collaborative Use of a Shared System Interface: The Role of User Gaze—Gaze Convergence Index Based on Synchronous Dual-Eyetracking

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 4508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armel Quentin Tchanou ◽  
Pierre-Majorique Léger ◽  
Jared Boasen ◽  
Sylvain Senecal ◽  
Jad Adam Taher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Nomological Network ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
System Interfaces

Gaze convergence of multiuser eye movements during simultaneous collaborative use of a shared system interface has been proposed as an important albeit sparsely explored construct in human-computer interaction literature. Here, we propose a novel index for measuring the gaze convergence of user dyads and address its validity through two consecutive eye-tracking studies. Eye-tracking data of user dyads were synchronously recorded while they simultaneously performed tasks on shared system interfaces. Results indicate the validity of the proposed gaze convergence index for measuring the gaze convergence of dyads. Moreover, as expected, our gaze convergence index was positively associated with dyad task performance and negatively associated with dyad cognitive load. These results suggest the utility of (theoretical or practical) applications such as synchronized gaze convergence displays in diverse settings. Further research perspectives, particularly into the construct’s nomological network, are warranted.

scholarly journals Theory of mind affects the interpretation of another person's focus of attention

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Dawson ◽  
Alan Kingstone ◽  
Tom Foulsham
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Computer System ◽  
Target Object ◽  
Focus Of Attention ◽  
Gaze Following ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
The Gaze

AbstractPeople are drawn to social, animate things more than inanimate objects. Previous research has also shown gaze following in humans, a process that has been linked to theory of mind (ToM). In three experiments, we investigated whether animacy and ToM are involved when making judgements about the location of a cursor in a scene. In Experiment 1, participants were told that this cursor represented the gaze of an observer and were asked to decide whether the observer was looking at a target object. This task is similar to that carried out by researchers manually coding eye-tracking data. The results showed that participants were biased to perceive the gaze cursor as directed towards animate objects (faces) compared to inanimate objects. In Experiments 2 and 3 we tested the role of ToM, by presenting the same scenes to new participants but now with the statement that the cursor was generated by a ‘random’ computer system or by a computer system designed to seek targets. The bias to report that the cursor was directed toward faces was abolished in Experiment 2, and minimised in Experiment 3. Together, the results indicate that people attach minds to the mere representation of an individual's gaze, and this attribution of mind influences what people believe an individual is looking at.

The Wandering Eye: An Eye Tracking Approach to Mind Wandering

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Schnabel
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Target Location ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Mind Wandering ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Moving Target ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
The Mind

Mind wandering, or “daydreaming,” is a shift in the contents of a thought away from a task and/or event in the external environment, to self-generated thoughts and feelings. This research seeks to test the reliability of eye tracking as an objective of measure mind wandering using the Wandering Eye Paradigm, as well as examine the relationships between mind wandering and individual characteristics. Fifty participants will be recruited for two appointments a day apart, on each day on each day completing two eye tracking sessions following a moving target. In this task, participants will be instructed to press the space bar if they feel they are mind wandering, and then answer three questions about their episode content. Questionnaires measuring mind wandering, procrastination, mindfulness, creativity and personality (in particular conscientiousness) will be completed between eye tracking sessions. By comparing the eye tracking data in the period prior to the spacebar press we can determine quantifiable indicators of the onset and duration of mind wandering episodes by analyzing gaze location in relation to the target location. It has been hypothesized that severity of task performance failures (losing track of the target) should correlate with the “depth” of the mind wandering episode content. Additionally, we expect the frequency of mind wandering episodes to correlate with individual characteristics, and that these measures will be consistent across trials. This research would provide a novel objective way to identify and measure mind wandering, and would help further advance the understanding of its behavioral and subjective dimensions.

scholarly journals Exploring Young Children’s Use of Illustrations in a Picturebook

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen M. Feathers ◽  
Poonam Arya
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Oral Reading ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Text Processing ◽  
Third Grade

Using analysis of oral reading and eye movements, this study examined how third grade children used visual information as they orally read either the original or the adapted version of a picturebook.  Eye tracking was examined to identify when and why students focused on images as well as what they looked at in the images.  Results document children’s deliberate use of images and point to the important role of images in text processing. The content of images, availability and placement of text and images on a page, and children’s personal strategies affected the use of images.  

scholarly journals Cultural background modulates how we look at other persons’ gaze

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Senju ◽  
Angélina Vernetti ◽  
Yukiko Kikuchi ◽  
Hironori Akechi ◽  
Toshikazu Hasegawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Gaze Shift ◽  
Gaze Aversion ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Japanese Adults ◽  
Face Scanning

The current study investigated the role of cultural norms on the development of face-scanning. British and Japanese adults’ eye movements were recorded while they observed avatar faces moving their mouth, and then their eyes toward or away from the participants. British participants fixated more on the mouth, which contrasts with Japanese participants fixating mainly on the eyes. Moreover, eye fixations of British participants were less affected by the gaze shift of the avatar than Japanese participants, who shifted their fixation to the corresponding direction of the avatar’s gaze. Results are consistent with the Western cultural norms that value the maintenance of eye contact, and the Eastern cultural norms that require flexible use of eye contact and gaze aversion.

scholarly journals Spontaneous eye-movements during eyes-open rest reduce resting-state-network modularity by increasing visual-sensorimotor connectivity

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-39
Author(s):  
Cemal Koba ◽  
Giuseppe Notaro ◽  
Sandra Tamm ◽  
Gustav Nilsonne ◽  
Uri Hasson
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Clustering Coefficient ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Planar Imaging ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
Eyes Open

During wakeful rest, individuals make small eye movements during fixation. We examined how these endogenously-driven oculomotor patterns impact topography and topology of functional brain networks. We used a dataset consisting of eyes-open resting-state (RS) fMRI data with simultaneous eye-tracking (Nilsonne et al., 2016). The eye-tracking data indicated minor movements during rest, which correlated modestly with RS BOLD data. However, eye-tracking data correlated well with echo-planar imaging time series sampled from the area of the Eye-Orbit (EO-EPI), which is a signal previously used to identify eye movements during exogenous saccades and movie viewing. Further analyses showed that EO-EPI data were correlated with activity in an extensive motor and sensory-motor network, including components of the dorsal attention network and the frontal eye fields. Partialling out variance related to EO-EPI from RS data reduced connectivity, primarily between sensory-motor and visual areas. It also produced networks with higher modularity, lower mean connectivity strength, and lower mean clustering coefficient. Our results highlight new aspects of endogenous eye movement control during wakeful rest. They show that oculomotor-related contributions form an important component of RS network topology, and that those should be considered in interpreting differences in network structure between populations, or as a function of different experimental conditions.

scholarly journals Using the Blind Spot to Investigate Trans-Saccadic Perception

Vision ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Julie Royo ◽  
Fabrice Arcizet ◽  
Patrick Cavanagh ◽  
Pierre Pouget
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Blind Spot ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Gaze Position

We introduce a blind spot method to create image changes contingent on eye movements. One challenge of eye movement research is triggering display changes contingent on gaze. The eye-tracking system must capture the image of the eye, discover and track the pupil and corneal reflections to estimate the gaze position, and then transfer this data to the computer that updates the display. All of these steps introduce delays that are often difficult to predict. To avoid these issues, we describe a simple blind spot method to generate gaze contingent display manipulations without any eye-tracking system and/or display controls.

scholarly journals From lab-based studies to eye-tracking in virtual and real worlds: conceptual and methodological problems and solutions.

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignace T.C. Hooge ◽  
Roy S. Hessels ◽  
Diederick C. Niehorster ◽  
Gabriel J. Diaz ◽  
Andrew T. Duchowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Data Quality ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
The World ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
Mobile Eye Tracking

Video stream: https://vimeo.com/357473408 Wearable mobile eye trackers have great potential as they allow the measurement of eye movements during daily activities such as driving, navigating the world and doing groceries. Although mobile eye trackers have been around for some time, developing and operating these eye trackers was generally a highly technical affair. As such, mobile eye-tracking research was not feasible for most labs. Nowadays, many mobile eye trackers are available from eye-tracking manufacturers (e.g. Tobii, Pupil labs, SMI, Ergoneers) and various implementations in virtual/augmented reality have recently been released.The wide availability has caused the number of publications using a mobile eye tracker to increase quickly. Mobile eye tracking is now applied in vision science, educational science, developmental psychology, marketing research (using virtual and real supermarkets), clinical psychology, usability, architecture, medicine, and more. Yet, transitioning from lab-based studies where eye trackers are fixed to the world to studies where eye trackers are fixed to the head presents researchers with a number of problems. These problems range from the conceptual frameworks used in world-fixed and head-fixed eye tracking and how they relate to each other, to the lack of data quality comparisons and field tests of the different mobile eye trackers and how the gaze signal can be classified or mapped to the visual stimulus. Such problems need to be addressed in order to understand how world-fixed and head-fixed eye-tracking research can be compared and to understand the full potential and limits of what mobile eye-tracking can deliver. In this symposium, we bring together presenting researchers from five different institutions (Lund University, Utrecht University, Clemson University, Birkbeck University of London and Rochester Institute of Technology) addressing problems and innovative solutions across the entire breadth of mobile eye-tracking research. Hooge, presenting Hessels et al. paper, focus on the definitions of fixations and saccades held by researchers in the eyemovement field and argue how they need to be clarified in order to allow comparisons between world-fixed and head-fixed eye-tracking research. - Diaz et al. introduce machine-learning techniques for classifying the gaze signal in mobile eye-tracking contexts where head and body are unrestrained. Niehorster et al. compare data quality of mobile eye trackers during natural behavior and discuss the application range of these eye trackers. Duchowski et al. introduce a method for automatically mapping gaze to faces using computer vision techniques. Pelz et al. employ state-of-the-art techniques to map fixations to objects of interest in the scene video and align grasp and eye-movement data in the same reference frame to investigate the guidance of eye movements during manual interaction.

scholarly journals ECSCW 2011 Conference Supplement: European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work Aarhus, 24.-28. September 2011

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (594) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Bødker
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Collaborative Work ◽  
Cooperative Work ◽  
Computer Supported Cooperative Work ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Font Size ◽  
European Conference ◽  
Task Specificity ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Common Task

<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><p>Dual eye-tracking (DUET) is a promising methodology to study and support</p> <p>collaborative work. The method consists of simultaneously recording the gaze of two</p> <p>collaborators working on a common task. The main themes addressed in the workshop</p> <p>are eye-tracking methodology (how to translate gaze measures into descriptions of joint</p> <p>action, how to measure and model gaze alignment between collaborators, how to address</p> <p>task specificity inherent to eye-tracking data) and more generally future applications of</p> <p>dual eye-tracking in CSCW. The DUET workshop will bring together scholars who</p> <p>currently develop the approach as well as a larger audience interested in applications of</p> <p>eye-tracking in collaborative situations. The workshop format will combine paper</p> <p>presentations and discussions. The papers are available online as PDF documents at</p> <p>http://www.dualeyetracking.org/DUET2011/.</p></span></span>

scholarly journals The application of eye-tracking in music research

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren K. Fink ◽  
Elke B. Lange ◽  
Rudolf Groner
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Max Planck ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Music Research ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Community Of Researchers ◽  
Research Domain

Though eye-tracking is typically a methodology applied in the visual research domain, recent studies suggest its relevance in the context of music research. There exists a community of researchers interested in this kind of research from varied disciplinary backgrounds scattered across the globe. Therefore, in August 2017, an international conference was held at the Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics in Frankfurt, Germany, to bring this research community together. The conference was dedicated to the topic of music and eye-tracking, asking the question: what do eye movements, pupil dilation, and blinking activity tell us about musical processing? This special issue is constituted of top-scoring research from the conference and spans a range of music-related topics. From tracking the gaze of performers in musical trios to basic research on how eye movements are affected by background music, the contents of this special issue highlight a variety of experimental approaches and possible applications of eye-tracking in music research.

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