Teasing in younger and older children with microtia before and after ear reconstruction

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis L. Johns ◽  
Sheryl L. Lewin ◽  
Daniel D. Im
Keyword(s):  
Ear Reconstruction ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Before And After

Renal Osteodystrophy in Children with Chronic Renal Failure: An Unexpectedly Common and Incapacitating Complication

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 742-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony C. Hsu ◽  
Sang Whay Kooh ◽  
Donald Fraser ◽  
William A. Cumming ◽  
Victor L. Fornasier
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Chronic Renal Failure ◽  
Renal Osteodystrophy ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Growth Zone ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Bone Lesions ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Before And After ◽  
End Stage

The incidence, age at onset, and progression of the biochemical, radiographic, and histologic characteristics of renal osteodystrophy were studied in 50 children in whom chronic renal failure had been recently diagnosed. During a ten-year observation period, 19 patients progressed to end-stage renal failure and radiographic signs of renal osteodystrophy developed in 15 of these (79%). Renal osteodystrophy developed in all nine patients whose chronic renal failure was diagnosed before 3 years of age and in six of the ten children with later onset of failure. The mean interval from diagnosis of renal failure to development of osteodystrophy was 1.4 years. Radiographically, growth zone lesions predominated in the younger children, whereas cortical erosions were more prevalent in the older children. Histologic examination, performed in 38 patients, showed both defective mineralization and excessive resorption and was a more sensitive diagnostic index than radiography. Noticeable deformities developed in one third of the patients with osteodystrophy, despite medical treatment including vitamin D2 therapy. Deformities were particularly frequent and Severe in patients whose renal failure developed in infancy. In all 13 patients whose growth patterns were studied before and after osteodystrophy developed, the onset of bone lesions was associated with a deterioration of growth, indicating that osteodystrophy plays a major role in causing the growth retardation commonly observed in children with chronic renal failure.

Splenomegaly with Hypersplenism in Sickle Cell Anemia Treated by Radiation—Case Report

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-458
Author(s):  
Annemarie Sommer ◽  
Stella B. Kontras
Keyword(s):  
Cell Survival ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Sickle Cell Anemia ◽  
Marked Improvement ◽  
Costal Margin ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Red Cell Survival ◽  
Survival Studies

The incidence of splenomegaly in sickle cell anemia (defined as a spleen easily palpated below the costal margin in quiet respiration) appears to be around 10% after 10 years of age. Persistent splenomegaly in older children is rare and frequently is associated with hypersplenism. Splenectomy has been the treatment of choice in several reported cases based on red cell survival studies before and after splenectomy.1-3 Removal of the spleen has been found to be associated with marked improvement of previously very shortened red cell survival. We want to report the case of a 12-year-old boy with sickle cell anemia, splenomegaly, and sickle cell heart disease who was treated by radiation therapy for his enlarged spleen because of hypersplenism.

scholarly journals Eating frequency in relation to BMI in very young children: a longitudinal analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1372-1379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael W Taylor ◽  
Ella Iosua ◽  
Anne-Louise M Heath ◽  
Andrew R Gray ◽  
Barry J Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Eating Frequency ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Eating Occasions ◽  
Randomised Controlled

AbstractObjectiveEating less frequently is associated with increased obesity risk in older children but data are potentially confounded by reverse causation, where bigger children eat less often in an effort to control their weight. Longitudinal data, particularly in younger children, are scarce. We aimed to determine whether eating frequency (meals and snacks) at 2 years of age is associated with past, current or subsequent BMI.DesignCohort analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Eating frequency at 2 years of age was estimated using 48 h diaries that recorded when each child ate meals and snacks (parent-defined) in five-minute blocks. Body length/height and weight were measured at 1, 2 and 3·5 years of age. Linear regression assessed associations between the number of eating occasions and BMI Z-score, before and after adjustment for potential confounding variables.SettingPrevention of Overweight in Infancy (POI) study, Dunedin, New Zealand.SubjectsChildren (n 371) aged 1–3·5 years.ResultsOn average, children ate 5·5 (sd 1·2) times/d at 2 years of age, with most children (88–89 %) eating 4–7 times/d. Eating frequency at 2 years was not associated with current (difference in BMI Z-score per additional eating occasion; 95 % CI: −0·02; −0·10, 0·05) or subsequent change (0·02; −0·03, 0·06) in BMI. Similarly, BMI at age 1 year did not predict eating frequency at 2 years of age (difference in eating frequency per additional BMI Z-score unit; 95 % CI: −0·03; −0·19, 0·13).ConclusionsNumber of eating occasions per day was not associated with BMI in young children in the present study.

scholarly journals Severe Hypoglycemia due to Isolated ACTH Deficiency in Children: A New Case Report and Review of the Literature

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Y. Torchinsky ◽  
Robert Wineman ◽  
George W. Moll
Keyword(s):  
Severe Hypoglycemia ◽  
Hormone Deficiency ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Pituitary Hormone ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Isolated Acth Deficiency ◽  
Acth Deficiency ◽  
Undetectable Plasma ◽  
Before And After

Isolated ACTH deficiency causes life-threatening severe hypoglycemia. A 7-year-old girl with hypoglycemia due to this rare disorder is described. Our patient had undetectable plasma ACTH repeatedly and cortisol 0 mcg/dl before and after ACTH 1-24 stimulation. There was no evidence of other pituitary hormone deficiency. Glucocorticoid replacement therapy resulted in resolution of all symptoms and normalization of blood glucose. Previously published data on isolated ACTH deficiency in children is summarized. Review of the literature showed that the prevalence of this condition could be underestimated in the neonatal period and in Prader-Willi syndrome. Isolated ACTH deficiency occurs in older children as well as in neonates.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in children before and after pneumococcal vaccination

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 54-66
Author(s):  
I. N. Protasova ◽  
S. V. Sidorenko ◽  
I. V. Feldblum ◽  
N. V. Bakhareva
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Pneumococcal Serotypes ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Pneumococcal Carriage ◽  
Serotype Replacement ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Before And After

Aim. To investigate how the pneumococcal vaccination affects the distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes.Materials and Methods. In 2011-2019, 1,852 healthy children (1,354 aged ≤ 5 years and 480 aged from 6 to 17 years) were examined for the nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage. Of them, 539 children were tested before the start of pneumococcal vaccination (2011-2014), while 1,313 were tested during the vaccine campaign (2015-2019). Pneumococcal strains were serotyped using multiplex polymerase chain reaction.Results. Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype distribution considerably differed between children ≤ 5 and 6-17 years of age. Serotypes 23F, 19F, 19A, 6AB, and 15BC were prevalent in children ≤ 5 years of age while the older children were characterised by a high prevalence of capsular serotypes (3 and 33AF/37), serogroup 9 (9AV and 9LN), non-typeable streptococci, as well as 19F, 6AB and 6CD serotypes. Vaccination was associated with a significantly decreased prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage (from 41.5% to 19.2%) among children ≤ 5 years of age, while this reduction was less pronounced (from 13.5 to 9.0%) in older children. Vaccination led to the shift in the distribution of pneumococcal serotypes towards an increased prevalence of non-vaccine serotypes that was particularly prominent in children ≤ 5 years of age. In particular, vaccination reduced the prevalence of 23F and 19A pneumococcal serotypes but heightened prevalence of 11AD serotype and to the appearance of previously undetected serotypes such as 8, 10A, 17F, 22F, 24ABF, 34, and 39.Conclusion. Pneumococcal vaccination decreased prevalence of pneumococcal carriage, yet causing a serotype replacement effect requiring improved microbiological monitoring in children of all age groups.

scholarly journals Accommodative Amplitude in School-Age Children

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 387-391
Author(s):  
Gatis Ikaunieks ◽  
Karola Panke ◽  
Madara Segliņa ◽  
Aiga Švede ◽  
Gunta Krūmiņa
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Good Visual Acuity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Near Work ◽  
Anatomical Parameters ◽  
Accommodative Amplitude

Abstract In children, intensive near-work affects the accommodation system of the eye. Younger children, due to anatomical parameters, read at smaller distance than older children and we can expect that the accommodation system of younger can be affected more than that of older children. We wanted to test this hypothesis. Some authors showed that the norms of amplitude of accommodation (AA) developed by Hofstetter (1950) not always could be applied for children. We also wanted to verify these results. A total of 106 (age 7-15) children participated in the study. Distance visual acuity was measured for all children and only data of children with good visual acuity 1.0 or more (dec. units) were analysed (73 children). Accommodative amplitude was measured before and after lessons using subjective push-up technique (with RAF Near Point Ruler). The results showed that the amplitude of accommodation reduced significantly (p < 0.05) during the day and decrease of AA was similar in different age groups (about ~0.70 D). Additional measurements are needed to verify that the observed changes in AA were associated with fatigue effect. The results showed lower accommodation values compared to average values calculated according to the Hofstetter equation (p < 0.05).

The early experience assumption: Past, present, and future

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Rudolph Schaffer
Keyword(s):  
Personality Development ◽  
Complex Form ◽  
Early Experience ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal ◽  
The Impact

The assumption that “early experience is important” has attracted a considerable amount of research over the last half century. As a result, both our thinking about the role of early experience in personality development and the nature of that research have changed drastically. It has become apparent that there is no direct relationship between age and the impact which experience has on the individual, that young children are not necessarily more vulnerable even to quite severe adversities than older children, and that considerable variability exists in long-term outcome. Research has therefore had to take an evermore complex form, moving away from a mechanical association of early experience with outcome assessments to a much more dynamically oriented approach, in which account is also taken of inherent characteristics of the individual, the social context both before and after the experience, and the various turning points that the individual negotiates in traversing the developmental path to maturity. Prospective longitudinal studies are therefore essential to our understanding of the link between early experience and later adjustment, and these studies need to include not only accounts of the external experiences encountered but also assessments of the individual’s internal representations resulting from the encounters. It has also become apparent that some behaviour systems are more vulnerable than others and that a more thoughtful use of outcome measures is therefore necessary. Although the belief in the irreversibility of early experience as inevitable has been abandoned, the parameters defining the limits of reversibility have yet to be determined.

Measuring Symmetry in Children with Cleft Lip. Part 3: Quantifying Nasal Symmetry and Nasal Normalcy before and after Unilateral Cleft Lip Repair

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 602-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu Liang ◽  
Linda Shapiro ◽  
Raymond Tse
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Reconstruction Error ◽  
3D Analysis ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Automated Processing ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Cleft Lip Repair ◽  
Unilateral Cleft Lip Repair ◽  
Area Difference

Objective The purpose of this project was to develop objective computer-based methods to measure nasal asymmetry and abnormality in children undergoing treatment of unilateral cleft lip (UCL) and to determine the correlation of these measures to clinical expectations. Participants Thirty infants with UCL undergoing cleft lip repair; 27 children with UCL aged 8 to 10 years who had previously undergone cleft lip repair; 3 control infants; 3 control children aged 8 to 10 years. Interventions To measure nasal symmetry, we used a process of depth mapping and calculated the Depth Area Difference. To measure abnormality, we used the reconstruction error from Principle Component Analysis (PCA) that was based upon characteristics of a dataset of over 2000 images of normal control subjects. Main Outcome Measures Depth Area Difference and PCA Reconstruction Error for cleft type, changes with surgery, and individual subjects ranked according to cleft severity were assessed. Results Significant differences in Depth Area Difference and PCA Reconstruction Error were found between cleft types and found before and after surgery. Nasal symmetry and normalcy scores for infants with UCL approached those of controls after surgery, and there was a strong correlation with ranked cleft severity. For older children, measures of nasal symmetry and abnormality were better than infants prior to repair but worse than infants following UCL repair. Conclusions Our computer-based 3D analysis of nasal symmetry and normalcy correlated with clinical expectations. Automated processing made measurement convenient. Use of these measures may help to objectively measure cleft severity and treatment outcome.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of preliminary traction in the treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pasquale Farsetti ◽  
Kristian Efremov ◽  
Alessandro Caterini ◽  
Martina Marsiolo ◽  
Fernando De Maio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Costs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Congenital Dislocation ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Dislocation Of The Hip ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Background Historical papers on the treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip suggest the use of preliminary traction to facilitate closed reduction or to decrease the risk of avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head. In the 1980s, some authors questioned the role of preliminary traction and suspended its use, yielding satisfactory results. Since then, several studies called into question this method, and some authors have continued to recommend preliminary traction while other authors have discouraged its use. Materials and methods We reanalysed the full set of radiographs of 71 hips (52 patients) surgically treated by a medial approach after 4 weeks of preoperative longitudinal traction. The mean age at operation was 16 months. Before and after traction, the height of the dislocation was graded according to the Gage and Winter method. The hips were divided into two groups: group 1, in which the traction was effective, and group 2, in which the traction was not effective. These two groups were statistically analysed regarding the severity of the dislocation, the age of the patient at surgery and the incidence of AVN. Results Preliminary traction was effective in 48 hips (68%, group 1), while it was not effective in the remaining 23 (32%, group 2). The effectiveness of preliminary traction was statistically related to the height of the dislocation and to the age of the patient at surgery, with traction being less effective in more severe dislocations and in older children. The incidence of AVN was statistically lower in group 1 than in group 2. Conclusions In our study population, despite not having a control group, preliminary traction—when effective—seemed to reduce the incidence of AVN in patients surgically treated for congenital dislocation of the hip. The effectiveness of the traction was influenced by the severity of the dislocation and the age of the patient; it worked better for less severe dislocations and in younger children. To reduce hospital costs, traction should be applied at home. Level of evidence 3.

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