A study of regional trends in the labour force participation of married women in the UK, 1968–1977

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Molho ◽  
Peter Elias
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Regional Trends ◽  
The Uk

Labour supply dynamics at the extensive and intensive margins of the UK men and women

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lixin Cai
Keyword(s):  
Labour Supply ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
State Dependence ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Tobit Model ◽  
The State ◽  
Individual Heterogeneity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Extensive And Intensive Margins ◽  
The Uk

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to enhance understanding labour supply dynamics of the UK workers by examining whether and to what extent there is state dependence in the labour supply at both the extensive and intensive margins.Design/methodology/approachA dynamic two-tiered Tobit model is applied to the first seven waves of Understanding Society: the UK Household Longitudinal Study. The model used accounts for observed and unobserved individual heterogeneity and serially correlated transitory shocks to labour supply to draw inferences on state dependence.FindingsThe results show that both observed and unobserved individual heterogeneity contributes to observed inter-temporal persistence of the labour supply of the UK workers, and the persistence remains after these factors are controlled for, suggesting true state dependence at both the extensive and intensive margins of the labour supply. The study also finds that at both the margins, the state dependence of labour supply is larger for females than for males and that for both genders the state dependence is larger for people with low education, mature aged workers and people with long-standing illness or impairment. The results also show that estimates from a conventional Tobit model may produce misleading inferences regarding labour supply at the extensive and intensive margins.Originality/valueThis study adds to the international literature on labour supply dynamics by providing empirical evidence for both the extensive and intensive margins of labour supply, while previous studies tend to focus on the extensive margin of labour force participation only. Also, unlike earlier studies that often focus on females, this study compares labour supply dynamics between males and females. The study also compares the estimates from the more flexible two-tiered Tobit model with that from the conventional Tobit model.

scholarly journals Grandparent Care: A Key Factor in Mothers’ Labour Force Participation in the UK

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHIREEN KANJI
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Average Treatment Effect ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
List Type ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
The Uk ◽  
State Pension

AbstractThe relationships between paid work and informal care are critical to understanding how paid work is made possible. An extensive source of childcare in the UK is the intergenerational care grandparents provide. Using data from the UK's Millennium Cohort Study, a nationally representative sample of children born in 2000, biprobit and instrumental variables (IV) analysis of mothers’ participation (given the social construction of caring responsibility) identifies a significant causal effect of grandparents’ childcare in that it:(i)raises the labour force participation of mothers with a child of school entry age on average by 12 percentage points (the average marginal effect);(ii)raises the participation of the group of mothers who use grandparent childcare by 33 percentage points compared to the situation if they did not have access to this care (the average treatment effect on the treated).Thus grandparent-provided childcare has a substantial impact on the labour market in the UK, an impact that may not be sustainable with forthcoming changes to the state pension age. Grandparents’ childcare increases the labour force participation of lone and partnered mothers at all levels of educational qualifications but by different degrees. Grandparents’ childcare enables mothers to enter paid work rather than extending their hours of paid work.

A Family of Hypothesis Tests for a Collection of Short Event Series with an Application to Female Employment Participation

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 603-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
R B Davies ◽  
R Crouchley ◽  
A R Pickles
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Event Series ◽  
Employment Participation ◽  
Short Event

Data comprising a collection of short event series are increasingly encountered in social science research. Such series may be expected to be heterogeneous and nonstationary precluding conventional inferential methods. Tests are presented for homogeneity, nonstationarity, and zero order, with appropriate controls. The test procedures are based upon the subdivision of each series into a ‘conditioning sequence’ and an ‘experimental observation’. The tests are applied to data on labour force participation by married women.

scholarly journals Applicability of Becker’s theory of allocation of time in modelling married women’s allocation of time between household duties and labour force participation in Zimbabwe

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Clapton Munongerwa
Keyword(s):  
Time Allocation ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Household Roles ◽  
Income Effects ◽  
Allocation Of Time ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The One

With the rise in women participation in labour force and gender equality campaigns on the one hand and cultural norms which characterise women as house makers on the other, most married women often find themselves in a dilemma as to how to allocate their time among competing needs. This paper used a theoretical approach in reviewing the applicability of the proposals of Becker’s allocation of time theory to the married women’s allocation of time between household duties and labour force participation to the Zimbabwean situation.  It was concluded that though the model ignores the cultural norms of assigning household roles to specific gender, it explained to a greater extent the trends observed in which women spend more time in household chores to which they have a comparative advantage as opposed to their male counterparts. The substitution and income effects explained in this model are also applicable to the preferences and patterns of time allocation by married when faced with a change in wages. 

scholarly journals COVID-19 Pandemic and Gender Inequality in the Labour Market in the UK

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Razzu
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Distributional Consequences ◽  
Employment Gap ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Uk

Although the movement towards gender equality in the labour market has slowed in recent decades, a long-term view over the 20th century shows the significant narrowing of the gender employment gap in the UK, a result of the increases in women’s labour force participation and employment combined with falling attachment to the labour force among men. It is too early to assess with precision the extent to which these patterns will be affected by the Covid-19 pandemic but emerging evidence and informed speculation do suggest that there will be important distributional consequences. Various studies, produced at an unprecedented rate, are pointing out that the effects of Covid-19 are not felt equally across the population; on the contrary labour market inequalities appear to be growing in some dimensions and there are reasons to believe that they will grow more substantially in the medium term.

scholarly journals Policy Brief For “Flexible Aging: New Ways To Measure The Diverse Experience Of Population Aging In Scotland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen Spijker ◽  
John MacInnes
Keyword(s):  
Population Aging ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Age Dependency ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Funded Project ◽  
Demographic Approach ◽  
The Uk

This ESRC-SDA funded project took a demographic approach using new metrics to studying population ageing. Key project findings mentioned in Policy Brief:• Until now, most notions of dependency are false.• As an average, the UK population is younger rather than older compared to 1950.• Old age dependency has declined rather than increased since 1980 as life expectancy at older ages and female labour force participation have increased.

scholarly journals Exclusion and Inequality in Late Working Life–On the Gendered Risks for Old-Age Exclusion in Sweden and Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 65-65
Author(s):  
Andreas Motel-Klingebiel ◽  
Jolanta Perek-Białas ◽  
Indre Genelyte ◽  
Susanne Kelfve
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Working Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Institutional Conditions ◽  
Economic Exclusion ◽  
The Uk

Abstract The labour market activity of older workers and their ability and disposition to maintain it depend on institutional conditions, age norms, labour demand and shifting overall economic conditions. The paper discusses exclusion and inequality in later working life from a European comparative perspective and emphasises shifts in late work and retirement patterns as well as later-life outcomes in Sweden and Poland. An emphasis is on changing institutional conditions on the national and branch level. Gendered risks for economic exclusion and later life precarity are stressed. Analyses for the two countries are contrasted with Germany and the UK. The analyses are part of the research program ‘Exclusion and Inequality in Late Working Life: Evidence for Policy Innovation Towards Inclusive Extended Work and Sustainable Working Conditions in Sweden and Europe – EIWO’ (2019-24). Analyses use data from SHARE and EU-SILC and address older workers of age 60 and older in Sweden, Poland, German and the UK. They find increasingly heterogeneous preretirement and transition patterns, new gender gaps and increasing risks of economic exclusion in retirement. Situations differ between countries with the prolongation of late working life in Sweden having a mostly positive effect on gender inequalities with low education and specific migrant groups as an exception. Poland is specific case due to unequally low retirement age for woman (60) and for men (65) with consequently large structural gender differences and increases in the process of increasing labour force participation of older workers and increasingly gendered risks for old-age economic exclusion.

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