scholarly journals On defining dietary fibre

2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan W. DeVries
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Official Method ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
Scientific Review ◽  
Analytical Methodology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Scientific Review Committee

Establishing a definition for dietary fibre has historically been a balance between nutrition knowledge and analytical method capabilities. While the most widely accepted physiologically-based definitions have generally been accurate in defining the dietary fibre in foods, scientists and regulators have tended, in practice, to rely on analytical procedures as the definitional basis in fact. As a result, incongruities between theory and practice have resulted in confusion regarding the components that make up dietary fibre. In November 1998 the president of the American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC) appointed an expert scientific review committee and charged it with the task of reviewing and, if necessary, updating the definition of dietary fibre. The committee was further charged with assessing the state of analytical methodology and making recommendations relevant to the updated definition. After due deliberation, an updated definition of dietary fibre was delivered to the AACC Board of Directors for consideration and adoption (Anon, 2000; Jones 2000/7). The updated definition includes the same food components as the historical working definition used for approximately 30 years (a very important point, considering that the majority of the research of the past 30 years delineating the positive health effects of dietary fibre is based on that working definition). However, the updated definition more clearly delineates the make-up of dietary fibre and its physiological functionality. As a result, relatively few changes will be necessary in analytical methodology. Current methodologies, in particular AACC-approved method of analysis 32–05 (Grami, 2000), Association of Official Analytical Chemists' official method of analysis 985.29 (Horwitz, 2000a) or AACC 32–07 (Grami, 2000) Association of Official Analytical Chemists 991.43 (Horwitz, 2000a) will continue to be sufficient and used for most foods. A small number of additional methods will be necessary to quantify the dietary fibre levels in foods containing fibres such as fructans (polymers and oligomers of fructose, inulin), modified dextrins, and/or synthetic dietary fibre analogues.

A Sociology of Luck

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Sauder
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Social World ◽  
Real Effects ◽  
The Past ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Theoretical Inquiry ◽  
The Social ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Definition Of

Sociology has been curiously silent about the concept of luck. The present article argues that this omission is, in fact, an oversight: An explicit and systematic engagement with luck provides a more accurate portrayal of the social world, opens potentially rich veins of empirical and theoretical inquiry, and offers a compelling alternative for challenging dominant meritocratic frames about inequality and the distribution of rewards. This article develops a framework for studying luck, first by proposing a working definition of luck, examining why sociology has ignored luck in the past, and making the case for the value of including luck in sociology’s conceptual repertoire. The article then demonstrates the fertile research potential of studying luck by identifying a host of research questions and hypotheses pertaining to the social construction of luck, the real effects of luck, and theoretical interventions related to luck. It concludes by highlighting the distinctive contributions sociology can make to the growing interdisciplinary interest in this topic.

scholarly journals Strong and Weak Teleology in the Life Sciences Post-Darwin

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 298
Author(s):  
Michael A. Flannery
Keyword(s):  
Life Sciences ◽  
Evolutionary Synthesis ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Origin Of Species ◽  
The Past ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Descent Of Man

It is often assumed that direction and purpose in nature—teleology—is a dead relic of the past, a result of Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species (1859) and Descent of Man (1871). But teleology has had a long and complex relationship with science. This paper will trace its general history with an emphasis upon the life sciences, especially biology. Particularly important is the fact that all teleology is not equal; strong (transcendent) teleology (designated Ts) should be distinguished from weak (purely descriptive and utilitarian) teleology (designated Tw). A working definition of teleology in its most meaningful aspects is then given. The challenges that Darwinism faced in dealing with purpose in nature are discussed, as is their proposed solution in the evolutionary synthesis, and the persistence of Ts following that synthesis is outlined and critiqued. Evidence of Ts persistence in the life sciences is presented with several relevant examples, and strong teleology is further differentiated by specific (Ts+) and nonspecific (Ts−) varieties. This essay concludes that Ts remains an ongoing and integral part of the life sciences and will likely remain so, even though it may be true but not verifiable empirically.

Defining Urban Sustainability in the Context of North American Cities

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Lorr
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Urban Sociology ◽  
Urban Sustainability ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
American Cities ◽  
Green Cities

Urban sociology and urban studies increasingly employ the idea of sustainability to explain, analyze, and critique city redevelopment. While the ambiguous and oxymoronic nature of sustainability goals has been extensively covered in the past, the current resurgence and popularity of the term “sustainability,“ especially under the aegis of “urban sustainability“ or “green“ cities, requires us to rethink the usefulness of sustainability as a concept for understanding and evaluating urban redevelopment. Confronting this challenge, this article reviews three of the most common theoretical approaches to sustainability, problematizes those approaches in the context of North American cities, and then provides a working definition of urban sustainability. Finally, the article recommends four plausible research hypotheses to guide future research on urban sustainability.

scholarly journals Socio-rhetorical interpretation: Theoretical points of departure

2001 ◽  
Vol 57 (1/2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Van Eck
Keyword(s):  
Rhetorical Analysis ◽  
Narrative Criticism ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Past ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
New Methodologies ◽  
Biblical Texts ◽  
Social Scientific ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

In the past two decades, narrative criticism (narratology) and social-scientific criticism have come to the fore as the two most prominent new methodologies to be associated with gospel research. When these two methodologies are integrated in the reading of biblical texts, this is now referred to as "socio-rhetorical interpretation". This article departs from a specific understanding of what is meant by a narratological reading of a text on the one hand and, on the other hand, by a social-scientific interpretation of biblical texts, in order to propose a working definition of a socio-rhetorical analysis of texts.

scholarly journals Historicity and theology, and the quest for historical Jesus1

1999 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Geyser
Keyword(s):  
Public Discourse ◽  
Historical Jesus ◽  
New Historicism ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
The Past ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Dialectical Approach ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Radical Relativism

The issue of history and historicity is reviewed in this article. The efforts of New Historicism is brought to bear on this question in an effort to find a way out of the impasse created by the modernist demand for objectivity and the postmodern resignation to radical relativism. The possibility of historiography is explored in conjunction with the pragmatic approach and leads to the conclusion that a kind of historical knowledge is attainable which can be described as useful even if not perfect. The author concurs with Crossan and his working definition of history as the past reconstructed interactively by the present through argued evidence in public discourse. The intersubjective nature of any historical enterprise leads the author to the conclusion that the search for the historical Jesus can only be done in the dialectical approach of a both ... and: both the historical Jesus and the kerygmatic Christ

scholarly journals Physical Activity Maintenance: A Critical Narrative Review and Directions for Future Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan E. Rhodes ◽  
Wuyou Sui
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Behavioral Performance ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Behavioral Theories ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Time Frames ◽  
Maintenance Process

A clear rationale can be made for promoting long-term regular physical activity (PA), yet despite some attempts to operationalize “maintenance,” no robust definition has been agreed upon, beyond arbitrary time frames of regular PA. This has likely impaired the advancement of theory and practice. The purpose of this critical narrative review was to first overview the conception of maintenance and co-requisite theoretical constructs in theories used in PA research. Our subsequent aims were to engage in a critical analysis of this literature to propose a working definition of PA maintenance followed by recommendations for future research. Relevant behavioral theories were parsed for references to maintenance or maintenance-specific constructs and constructs most likely associated with maintenance were overviewed from a recent systematic review. Based on this information, we suggest PA maintenance be operationalized as a process marked by a shift in the mechanisms of action determining behavioral performance, that engender greater perceived behavioral enactment efficiency. We suggest that maintenance should not be considered an absolute state of behavioral performance (e.g., a stage), as some constructs that were critical to behavioral performance during initiation will still be critical during PA continuation. Based on this definition, we propose a method of falsifiability hypothesis testing of theoretical constructs that may determine the maintenance process. Finally, the review concludes with suggestions for future research using this operationalization of maintenance including measure development, tests of latency to reach the peak maintenance process, validating constructs critical to determining maintenance, exploration of the contextual and individual moderators of maintenance formation, and the development of an omnibus dynamic model of initiation, continuation, and maintenance in PA behavior change.

The CPA-Client Privilege under I.R.C. § 7525: The Elusive Definition of “Tax Advice”

2004 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-118
Author(s):  
Robert R. Oliva
Keyword(s):  
The Past ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Tax Practitioners ◽  
Definition Of

This paper analyzes the privilege extended by I.R.C. § 7525 to protect the confidentiality between federally authorized tax practitioners, such as CPAs, and their clients. Due to the complexity of the elements the article concentrates on the element that triggers the privilege, that is “tax advice.” Congressional intent, I.R.S. interpretations, and all the appellate opinions and the most relevant court opinions in the past 30 years are considered to provide a working definition for “tax advice.”

scholarly journals Dietary fibre analysis

2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry V. McCleary
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Future Research ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Scientific Review ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
The Us ◽  
Total Dietary Fibre ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The 'gold standard' method for the measurement of total dietary fibre is that of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (2000; method 985.29). This procedure has been modified to allow measurement of soluble and insoluble dietary fibre, and buffers employed have been improved. However, the recognition of the fact that non-digestible oligosaccharides and resistant starch also behave physiologically as dietaryfibre has necessitated a re-examination of the definition of dietary fibre, and in turn, a re-evaluation of the dietary fibre methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. With this realisation, the American Association of Cereal Chemists appointed a scientific review committee and charged it with the task of reviewing and, if necessary, updating the definition of dietary fibre. It organised various workshops and acceptedcomments from interested parties worldwide through an interactive website. More recently, the (US) Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Health, National Academy of Sciences, under the oversight of the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, assembled a panel to develop a proposed definition(s) of dietary fibre. Various elements of these definitions were in agreement, but not all. What was clear from both reviews is that there is an immediate need to re-evaluate the methods that are used for dietary fibre measurement and to make appropriate changes where required, and to find new methods to fill gaps. In this presentation, the 'state of the art' in measurement of total dietary fibre and dietary fibre components will be described and discussed, together with suggestions for future research.

scholarly journals Social Entrepreneurship: The Concept, Attributes, Prospect

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 46-49
Author(s):  
Rishat I. Gazizullin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Constitutional Economics ◽  
Legal Definition ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Interdisciplinary Study

The article poses the problem of social entrepreneurship as a new phenomenon of economic and legal life for Russia. The author reveals the universal features of social entrepreneurship, gives a technical and legal characteristic of its legal definition, and also offers a working definition of social entrepreneurship in the perspective of interdisciplinary study based on the theory of entrepreneurship, institutional economics, constitutional economics, theory and practice of private law.

Immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in positively stained frozen sections

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
K. T. Tokuyasu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Definition Of

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).

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