Nothorhytisma nahuelitae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Nothofagus Pumilio ◽  
Conidial State ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Fallen Leaves ◽  
Southern Beech

Abstract A description is provided for Nothorhytisma nahuelitae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Tarspot disease of southern beech. The symptoms and life cycle seem remarkably similar to those of Rhytisma acerinum. No serious damage seems to be done to infected trees. Like many South American members of the genus, Nothofagus pumilio is a deciduous tree. Unless the fungus is systemic, therefore, it seems likely that its life-cycle begins with the colonization of young leaves by air-dispersed ascospores in spring. Nothing is known of the appearance of young colonies, but stromata form during the summer and are followed by the conidial state in late summer. Ascomata form during winter on the dead fallen leaves, ripening during spring. The speed of development, and the stages during ripening are not known, but it is possible that the variability observed in the anatomy of ascomata before ascus production - the presence or absence of the extra layer above the lower wall - may represent two different points in the ripening process. HOSTS: Nothofagus pumilio (dead fallen leaf, living leaf). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Chile. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne ascospores released in humid conditions. The internal anatomy of the ascoma, and particularly the presence of mucus around the paraphyses, and the complex tissues at the periphery of the hymenium indicate that ascomata are likely to be able to shut again after the initial opening if conditions become dry, with the dark covering layer providing protection from uv light and desiccation. The widely-exposed hymenium suggests that ascospores are released by violent discharge, and are air-dispersed, probably in wet weather, following an increase in pressure within the ascoma generally and the ascus in particular, as a result of water uptake by the mucus around the paraphyses. Being colourless, thin-walled and without an obvious mucous sheath, the ascospores probably have little protection from UV light and desiccation after leaving the ascus (SHERWOOD 1981), and so are probably short-lived. Conidia may be water-dispersed.

Microsphaera penicillata. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1968 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Mukerji
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Erysiphe Pisi ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Dry Seasons

Abstract A description is provided for Microsphaera penicillata. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On species of Alnus, Betula, Syringa, Lathyrus, sweet peas and numerous other hosts (Saknon, 1900; Stevens, 1925; 39: 739; 41: 175) DISEASES: Powdery mildew of alder and lilac. Forms a white to grey floury appearance on the surface of broad leaves of many hard wood trees. It is more prevalent on sweet peas than Erysiphe pisi (CMI Descript. 155) in North America in spring when temperature and humidity are fluctuating. The foliage may be malformed, dropping prematurely or drying out and shrivelling. It is also prevalent on lilac in late summer and autumn, sometimes in dry seasons almost completely covering the foliage, but generally too late in the season to cause serious damage. Young leaves are more susceptible. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide on alder and lilac and occasionally occurring on numerous other hosts. Distributed generally in North America and Europe, also reported from Chile, China, India and Japan (Salmon, 1900, 39: 739; 41: 175). TRANSMISSION: Spores wind borne.

Cerotelium fici. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Laundon
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Morus Alba ◽  
Fallen Leaves ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract A description is provided for Cerotelium fici. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On several species of Ficus, especially F. carica; also recorded on species of Broussonetia, Maclura and Morus including Morus alba and M. nigra (mulberry), though there are doubts as to whether the Morus rust is conspecific (Sydow, Monogr. Ured. 3: 324, 1915; Boedijn (39: 556) p. 471). Some records on Ficus spp. other than F. carica may refer to Uredo ficina. DISEASE: Fig rust. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread throughout the tropics and subtropics (CMI Map 399). Some records may be errors for Uredo ficina. TRANSMISSION: The life-cycle of this rust is not completely known. In southern USA it is believed to overwinter on fallen leaves from which urediospores infect the young developing leaves in the spring (Krezdorn & Adriance, 1961). The incubation period has been reported to be 14 days (12: 551).

Coccomyces tumidus. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Quercus Faginea ◽  
Fallen Leaves ◽  
Natural Leaf ◽  
Southern Ukraine

Abstract A description is provided for Coccomyces tumidus. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Coccomyces tumidus is found on dead fallen leaves which are often beneath the surface of the leaf litter, and which often adhere to other adjacent leaves (making it, incidentally, rather infrequently recorded, although it seems to be not rare). Sometimes one or perhaps more other fungi are also present in the same pale areas. HOSTS: Leaves of Acer sp., Betula sp., Castanea sativa, Castanea sp., Fagus sylvatica, Fagus sp., Gaultheria shallon, Populus tremula, P. tremuloides, Populus sp., Quercus faginea, Q. garryana, Q. pedunculata, Q. rubra, Q. sessiliflora, Quercus sp., Rubus setosus, Rubus sp. (stem). Most records are on members of the Fagaceae. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Belgium, Canada (Nova Scotia, Ontario), Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Morocco, Poland, Rumania, Sweden, UK (England, Wales), USA (Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Oregon, Virginia, Washington). Several unsuccessful searches for this fungus in southern Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid conditions. In the temperate northern hemisphere, most records of open ascocarps containing ascospores are from late summer and early autumn, suggesting that the fungus only infects senescent leaves just prior to natural leaf fall.

Hypoderma hederae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Hedera Helix ◽  
Bare Rock ◽  
Leaf Petiole ◽  
Fallen Leaves ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
North Western

Abstract A description is provided for Hypoderma hederae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Most commonly encountered fruiting on dead fallen petioles and paler portions of dead fallen leaves usually trapped above the ground among Hedera stems, particularly where the plant grows luxuriantly on old drystone walls away from heavy traffic; also occasionally found on dead attached leaves where Hedera grows over bare rock, for example on limestone pavements or rocky limestone or chalk soils, where it sometimes looks like it is causing a serious disease of the plant; probably always fruiting within 12 months of leaf death. HOSTS: Hedera helix (leaf, petiole), Hedera sp. (leaf, petiole). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Algeria, Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Spain, Sweden, UK (England, Scotland, Wales), Ukraine (Crimea). Unsuccessful searches in Ukraine (Kiev Oblast, Zakarpatska Oblast). Altitude records exist up to 1800m (Greece), 1580m (Spain), 600m (Ukraine) and 370m (UK). Most records of Hypoderma hederae are from north-western Europe, with additional records often from higher altitudes in Mediterranean areas, including north Africa. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid conditions. In the temperate northern hemisphere, ascocarps probably mostly open in late summer and early autumn.

Lophodermium foliicola. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Living Plant ◽  
Sorbus Torminalis ◽  
Rubus Fruticosus ◽  
Early Autumn ◽  
Kursk Oblast ◽  
Fallen Leaves ◽  
Pyrus Amygdaliformis

Abstract A description is provided for Lophodermium foliicola. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Fruits on dead fallen leaves under Crataegus where they can accumulate over winter; low bushes surrounded by Urtica and Rubus fruticosus agg. are among the most likely places to find it; probably less local than records suggest, as the conditions in which it is found deter less dedicated observers. It seems likely that, like many other members of the Rhytismataceae, the fungus colonizes the living plant, then fruits on those leaves after they have died. HOSTS: Leaves of Acer orientalis, Cotoneaster integerrimus, C. vulgaris, Cotoneaster sp., Crataegus coccinea, C. crus-galli, C. monogyna, C. oxyacanthoides, Crataegus sp., Pyrus amygdaliformis, P. communis, Pyrus sp., Rosaceae gen. indet., Sorbus torminalis. Records on genera other than Crataegus, particularly those not in the Rosaceae. need re-evaluation. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, former Czechoslovakia, Eire, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Russia (Kursk Oblast), Spain, Sweden, UK (England, Scotland, Wales), Ukraine. Altitude records exist up to 1580m (Spain) and 1050m (Greece). Widespread but local throughout Europe and just into Asia on dead fallen leaves of various members of the Rosaceae, but particularly Crataegus. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid conditions. In the temperate northern hemisphere, ascocarps probably mostly open in late summer and early autumn.

Kuehneola uredinis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1969 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Laundon
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Eastern Canada

Abstract A description is provided for Kuehneola uredinis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On numerous Rubus species including American dewberries, blackberries, loganberries, ornamental and wild species. In Europe on R. fruticosus agg. (European blackberries). There are a few unconfirmed records on R. caesius (European dewberry) and on R. idaeus (red raspberry). DISEASE: Rust on canes and leaves of blackberries, loganberries, dewberries, ornamental and wild Rubus species. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (S. Africa); Australasia (Australia, New Zealand); Europe (widespread); N. America (Eastern Canada, Eastern U.S.A.); South America (Argentina). TRANSMISSION: Teliospores germinate in late summer and autumn; pycnia and uredial aecia occur on leaves and stems shortly after (Fischer & Johnson, 1950; Wilson & Henderson, 1966). In spring the first true uredia appear on the fruiting canes and their spores infect the newly formed leaves. Thus the fungus overwinters either as aecial urediospores or mycelium in the canes. In less severe climates the true urediospores overwinter and the other stages of the life cycle are omitted.

Preliminary investigations into the life cycle of Ventruia inaequalis (Cooke) WINT. in South Australia.

1953 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 415 ◽  
Author(s):  
MW Jeffery
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
New Information ◽  
One Year

Investigation into the possible sources of primary infection by the fungus Ventruia inaequalis (Cooke) Wint. in spring has been carried out. The results present new information on the life cycle of the pathogen under South Australian conditions. Sources of primary infection, such 'as lesions on one-year-old wood or overwintering superficial conidia on the trees, do not appear important. Bud-scale infection of dormant buds has been shown, and its relative importance is discussed. Ascospores are the most important source of primary infection. Their period of discharge extends to a later date than previously reported for South Australia and is considered in relation to leader shoot and late summer spot infection.

Leucostoma cinctum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. P. Hayova
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Republic Of Georgia ◽  
Conidial State ◽  
Fruit Orchards

Abstract A description is provided for Leucostoma cinctum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Leucostoma cinctum, especially in its conidial state, is a well-known pathogen of stone-fruit trees causing necrosis of twigs, perennial Cytospora-canker. The fungus penetrates mainly through the scars, and may result in dieback of branches or even whole trees. Tree susceptibility to L. cinctum is influenced by lesions (Stanova, 1990). Comparative anatomy and host response of peach cultivars inoculated with L. cinctum was studied by Biggs (1986). Resistance of different cultivars of stone-fruit trees to L cinctum has been investigated by many authors (Cociu et al., 1991; Miles et al., 1989; Pedryc & Rozsnyai, 1991). HOSTS: On dead or dying, attached or fallen twigs of the Rosaceae, mainly Prunoideae (Amygdalus, Armeniaca, Cerasus, Persica, Prunus) and rarely other subfamilies of the Rosaceae, including genera such as Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Malus and Pyrus. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Armenia, Republic of Georgia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. Australasia: Australia. Europe: Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Moldova, Rumania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Sweden, Turkey, UK, Ukraine, former Yugoslavia. North America: Canada, USA (Idaho, Michigan, New-Jersey, Oregon). TRANSMISSION: Both conidia and ascospores are air-borne, especially under humid conditions. Orange or reddish droplets or tendrils of conidia extruded from conidiomata can be often seen after rain. It is also known that arthropods can carry propagules in stone-fruit orchards (Helton et al., 1988).

Anthostomella arenaria. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Coastal Dunes ◽  
Present Species ◽  
Leymus Arenarius

Abstract A description is provided for Anthostomella arenaria. Some information on its dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Europe (Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden and UK)) and habitats. This species has been recorded from coastal dunes and grasslands. Some members of Anthostomella are endobionts for part of their life cycle, but for the present species the time of substratum colonization and nutritional relations with the associated plant (Leymus arenarius) have not been established.

Xanthomonas campestris pv. graminis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Reay
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Natural Host Range

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas campestris pv. graminis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Lolium italicum, L. multiflorum, L. perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca pratensis, and Trisetum flavescens. Single cases of natural infection of Agropyron repens, Phalaris arundinacea and Phleum pratense are also recorded (62, 241), but their status in the natural host range is unknown. In inoculation tests (Egli et al., 1975; Egli & Schmidt, 1982) the following were highly susceptible: Alopecurus pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, F. pratensis, F. rubra, Lolium loliaceum, L. multiforum, L. parabolicae, L. perenne, L. remotum, L. temulentum, Phleum arenarium and P. bertolonii. Showing much less susceptibility were Agrostis alba, Arrhenatherum elatius, Phleum alpinum, P. phleoides, P. pratense, Poa annua, P. compressa, P. fertilis, P. memoralis, P. pratensis and P. trivialis. Leyns et al. (61, 6162) found that Agrosas tenuis and Festuca ovina were moderately susceptible when inoculated. Egli et al. (1975) recorded doubtful symptoms on Hordeum vulgare and Triacum aestivam on inoculation, but consider that they are unlikely to be naturally infected. DISEASE: Bacterial wilt of forage grasses. Symptoms usually first noticed at the heading stage, when young leaves curl and wither, and shoots remain stunted or may die. Other plants will continue to make poor growth and produce small, distorted inflorescences. Chlorotic and necrotic zones form on the older leaves along long stretches of vascular bundles, often extending into the sheaths. Bacterial streaming may be seen under the microscope from the cut ends of vascular bundles of infected tissue mounted in water. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CMI Map 533, ed. 1, 1979 lists France, Germany, Switzerland and Wales, to which must be added Scotland (63, 2925), Belgium (61, 4199), Netherlands, Norway (62, 241), and New Zealand (62, 241). Possibly in USA (IL; 61, 5045) though this disease is currently attributed to a Rickettsia- like organism. TRANSMISSION: Within the crop transmission is presumed to be by the blades of mowing machines.

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