Ustilago esculenta. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. M. Mordue
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Wild Rice ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Zizania Latifolia ◽  
Novosibirsk Region ◽  
Zizania Aquatica ◽  
Stem Gall ◽  
Ustilago Esculenta ◽  
North Vietnam

Abstract A description is provided for Ustilago esculenta. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Zizania latifolia[Zizania aquatica] (including Z. caduciflora). DISEASE: Stem gall smut of Manchurian wild rice. The first three to four nodes beneath the apical growing point of infected culms become enlarged and the culms fail to flower. The young galls, prior to the development of ustilospores, are used as a vegetable (Gau sun, kah-peh-sung or water shoot). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: China, India (Manipur), Hong Kong, Japan, North Vietnam, Taiwan, USSR (Novosibirsk region). Recorded once in USA in glasshouses, but not established in native wild rice. (IMI Distribution Map 628, 1991). TRANSMISSION: Ustilospores are disseminated by wind and water. The smut is systemic and can be transmitted by vegetative propagation of infected plants. Transmission by inoculation of cuttings with suspensions of ustilospores or of sporidia from culture has been demonstrated.

Xanthomonas oryzae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Xanthomonas Oryzae ◽  
Zizania Latifolia ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Zizania Aquatica ◽  
Weed Hosts

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas oryzae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Oryza sativa. Natural infection of Leersia oryzaides, Leersia oryzaides var. japonica and Zizania latifolia[Zizania aquatica] is known (Mizukami & Wakimoto, 1959). Natural infection of Cyperus rotundus and C. difformis was reported in India (48, 460), but inoculation of these hosts in the Philippines failed (48, 1689). By inoculation many wild species of Oryza (45, 1789), Leptochloa filiformis (48, 1689), L. chinensis, L. panacea and Zizania aquatica (48, 1683) have all been found susceptible. DISEASE: Bacterial blight of rice and kresek disease of rice. Blight most commonly appears on leaves of young plants, after planting out, as water-soaked stripes at the margins. These enlarge and coalesce to give the characteristic yellowish lesions with wavy edges that occur mainly along the margins of the upper parts of the leaves. These lesions may later expand to cover much of the leaf, which turns whitish or greyish and dies. Leaf sheaths of the more susceptible varieties may be affected. Kresek, which occurs in tropical regions, is a strong systemic infection in which leaves or whole young plants wither and die. In older plants the leaves become pale yellow. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Limited to Asia (CMI Map 304, ed. 2, 1964). Occurrences not shown on this map include Korea, Taiwan and Indonesia (Mizukami & Wakimoto, 1969). TRANSMISSION: Spread locally by wind and rain and also by flood and irrigation waters; gains entry to the field in infected planting material, to the nursery in seed, and to both nursery and field from volunteer rice plants and weed hosts usually via the irrigation water. Overwintering may occur on volunteers, on or in the rhizospheres of weed hosts, in stored infected straw and in seed, but it is unlikely in soil and plant debris exposed to the weather, at least under Japanese conditions (Mizukami & Wakimoto, 1969). Infection is through hydathodes and wounds. Penetration through stomata results in a build-up of bacteria in the intercellular spaces, but it is not until they have been exuded on to the leaf surface and re-admitted through the hydathodes and thence into the vascular system, that symptoms of the disease appear (46, 2720).

scholarly journals Mixed Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Possible Interaction Mechanisms between Zizania latifolia and Ustilago esculenta Inducing Jiaobai Stem-Gall Formation

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
pp. 12258
Author(s):  
Zhi-Ping Zhang ◽  
Si-Xiao Song ◽  
Yan-Cheng Liu ◽  
Xin-Rui Zhu ◽  
Yi-Feng Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Expression Pattern ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Transcriptional Analysis ◽  
Gall Formation ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Zizania Latifolia ◽  
Stem Gall ◽  
Ustilago Esculenta

The smut fungus Ustilago esculenta infects Zizania latifolia and induces stem expansion to form a unique vegetable named Jiaobai. Although previous studies have demonstrated that hormonal control is essential for triggering stem swelling, the role of hormones synthesized by Z. latifolia and U. esculenta and the underlying molecular mechanism are not yet clear. To study the mechanism that triggers swollen stem formation, we analyzed the gene expression pattern of both interacting organisms during the initial trigger of culm gall formation, at which time the infective hyphae also propagated extensively and penetrated host stem cells. Transcriptional analysis indicated that abundant genes involving fungal pathogenicity and plant resistance were reprogrammed to maintain the subtle balance between the parasite and host. In addition, the expression of genes involved in auxin biosynthesis of U. esculenta obviously decreased during stem swelling, while a large number of genes related to the synthesis, metabolism and signal transduction of hormones of the host plant were stimulated and showed specific expression patterns, particularly, the expression of ZlYUCCA9 (a flavin monooxygenase, the key enzyme in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis pathway) increased significantly. Simultaneously, the content of IAA increased significantly, while the contents of cytokinin and gibberellin showed the opposite trend. We speculated that auxin produced by the host plant, rather than the fungus, triggers stem swelling. Furthermore, from the differently expressed genes, two candidate Cys2-His2 (C2H2) zinc finger proteins, GME3058_g and GME5963_g, were identified from U. esculenta, which may conduct fungus growth and infection at the initial stage of stem-gall formation.

Ustilago esculents. [Distribution map].

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
North Vietnam ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Ustilago esculents Henn. Hosts: Zizania. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, China, India, Hong Kong, Japan, North Vietnam, Taiwan, NORTH AMERICA, USA.

Agromyza oryzae. [Distribution map].

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Zizania Aquatica ◽  
New Distribution ◽  
Distribution In Europe

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Agromyza oryzae (Munakata). Diptera: Agromyzidae. Hosts: rice (Oryza sativa), reed (Phragmites spp.), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and annual wildrice (Zizania aquatica). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Russia) and Asia (Zhejiang, China; Hokkaido and Honshu, Japan; Korea Republic; Philippines; Taiwan; and Thailand).

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Saddler
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Xanthomonas Oryzae ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Zizania Latifolia ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Zizania Aquatica ◽  
Weed Hosts

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Oryza sativa, Oryza spp. ; Brachiaria mutica, Cenchrus ciliaris, Cyperus difformis, C. rotundus, Cynodon dactylon, Echinochloa crus-galli, Leersia hexandra, L. oryzoides, Leptochloa chinensis, Panicum maximum, Paspalum scrobiculatum, Zizania aquatica, Zizania latifolia, Z. palustris and Zoysia japonica (Poaceae); by artificial inoculation: Leptochloa filiformis and L. panacea (Poaceae). DISEASE: Bacterial blight of rice and kresek disease. Symptoms appear on leaves of young plants, after planting out, as pale green to grey-green, water-soaked streaks near the leaf tip and margins. These lesions coalesce and become yellowish-white with wavy edges. The whole leaf may eventually be affected, becoming whitish or greyish and then dying. Leaf sheaths and culms of more susceptible cultivars may be attacked. Systemic infection, known as kresek, results in wilting, desiccation of leaves and death, particularly of young transplanted plants. Kresek is associated with tropical storms which spread the pathogen and also wound rice plants. High temperature (c. 30°C) and humidity favour the disease. The bacterium invades rice plants through hydathodes on leaves, root-growth cracks and wounds. When inside the plant, the bacterium enters the vascular system, in which it spreads. Bacteria eventually ooze out of water pores on hydathodes. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Gabon, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo. NORTH AMERICA: USA (Louisiana, Texas). CENTRAL AMERICA: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama. SOUTH AMERICA: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela. ASIA: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Andaman & Nicobar Is, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Indian Punjab, Jammu-Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Japan (Honshu, Kyushu), North Korea, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. AUSTRALASIA: Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland). EUROPE: Russian Federation, Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: Seedborne. The pathogen can be found in the parenchyma, but rarely in the vascular tissues, of husk, embryo and endosperm. It is spread locally by wind and rain and also by flood and irrigation waters from volunteer rice plants, straw and weed hosts. Overwintering may occur on volunteers, or in the rhizospheres of weed hosts, in stored infected straw and in seed. Survival and transmission from soil or plant debris is considered unlikely.

Rhizoctonia oryzae-sativae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. M. Mordue
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Zizania Latifolia ◽  
Zizania Aquatica ◽  
Rhizoctonia Oryzae

Abstract A description is provided for Rhizoctonia oryzae-sativae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Oryza sativa; has been found on O. cubensis, Juncellus serotinus and Zizania latifolia[Zizania aquatica]. DISEASE: Lesions with pale centres and distinct brown margins develop on sheaths. They are usually small (0.5-1 cm) but several may occur together. Attack on culms results in browning, lodging and death. Can also infect roots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: China, Japan; Malaya, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Vietnam. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne. Is capable of overwintering in soil as sclerotia or mycelium; also in stubble and other crop residues (11, 801).

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