Clavibacter XYLI subsp. cynodontis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Bermuda Grass ◽  
Artificial Inoculation ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Ecological Significance ◽  
Sudan Grass ◽  
White Leaf

Abstract A description is provided for Clavibacter XYLI subsp. cynodontis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Cynodon dactylon, where it is limited to the xylem. It also multiplies in the xylem of sugar cane and a Sudan grass-sorghum hybrid when artificially inoculated, but symptoms are not produced (61, 4328). Further host range not yet recorded. DISEASE: Bermuda grass stunting disease. Natural occurrences so far discovered have been in combination with mycoplasma-like organisms thought to cause white leaf and witches' broom symptoms. The presence of the bacterium causes considerably more severe symptoms. The full ecological significance of this bacterium has not yet been evaluated, but a further stress is usually required to produce noticeable symptoms. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Taiwan, USA (Florida). TRANSMISSION: So far only mechanical transmission, by artificial inoculation, is known. Cutting blades and possibly grazing animals are likely to spread the infection.

Cochliobolus cynodontis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sivanesan
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Bermuda Grass

Abstract A description is provided for Cochliobolus cynodontis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Cynodon dactylon (very common on this host), other Cynodon spp., Agropyron, Ammi, Arecastrum, Axonopus, Calathea, Chamaedorea, Chrysalidocarpus, Dactyloctenium, Eleusine, Hordeum, Ipomoea, Lycopersicon, Muhlenbergia, Oryza, Panicum, Pennisetum, Poa, Rhapis, Secale and Zea. DISEASE: Leafspot of Bermuda grass end other crops, leaf blight end brown patches of turf, lawns end golflinks. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Brunei, Egypt, Ghana, Guinea, India, Israel, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Spain, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Trinidad, Turkey, USA, USSR, Venezuela, Yugoslavia and Zambia. TRANSMISSION: By wind-borne conidia and seed-borne.

Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum. [Distribution map].

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Bermuda Grass ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Convolvulus Arvensis ◽  
New Distribution ◽  
Wild Hosts ◽  
Distribution In Europe ◽  
Candidatus Phytoplasma Prunorum

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum Seemüller & Schneider. Phytoplasma. Hosts: Prunus spp., including peach, apricot, cherry, almond and plum. Wild hosts include bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) and Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, France, Mainland France, Germany, Greece, Mainland Greece, Hungary, Italy, Mainland Italy, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Mainland Spain, Switzerland), Asia (Azerbaijan, Turkey).

Puccinia cynodontis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Mulder
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Bermuda Grass

Abstract A description is provided for Puccinia cynodontis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aecial stage on species of Plantago. Uredial and telial stages on species of Cynodon, particularly C. dactylon. DISEASE: Leaf rust of Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread. Africa: Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Mauritius Morocco, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia and Zambia. Americas: Argentina, Barbados, Bermuda, Colombia, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rieo, Salvador, Trinidad, USA (South) and Venezuela. Asia: Cambodia, Ceylon, China, India, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey and USSR. Australasia & Oceania: Australia, Hawaii, New Caledonia, New Zealand and Papua & New Guinea. Europe: Cyprus, France, Malta and Rumania. TRANSMISSION: No studies appear to have been reported. Since the aecial stage has not been found in USA the urediospores presumably survive during the dormant periods of the tdial host.

Meloidogyne marylandi. [Distribution map].

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Bermuda Grass ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Zoysia Japonica ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Meloidogyne marylandi Jepson and Golden. Chromodorea: Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae. Hosts: turfgrasses, including Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) and Zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Asia (Israel, Japan, Kyushu, Korea Republic) and North America (Costa Rica, USA, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Maryland, Nevada, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah).

scholarly journals ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma cynodontis’, the phytoplasma associated with Bermuda grass white leaf disease

2004 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 1077-1082 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmine Marcone ◽  
Bernd Schneider ◽  
Erich Seemüller
Keyword(s):  
16S Rdna ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Bermuda Grass ◽  
Taxonomic Assignment ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Putative Species ◽  
White Leaf ◽  
Major Branch

Bermuda grass white leaf (BGWL) is a destructive, phytoplasmal disease of Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon). The causal pathogen, the BGWL agent, differs from other phytoplasmas that cluster in the same major branch of the phytoplasma phylogenetic clade in <2·5 % of 16S rDNA nucleotide positions, the threshold for assigning species rank to phytoplasmas under the provisional status ‘Candidatus’. Thus, the objective of this work was to examine homogeneity of BGWL isolates and to determine whether there are, in addition to 16S rDNA, other markers that support delineation of the BGWL agent at the putative species level. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the 16S rDNA sequences of BGWL strains were identical or nearly identical. Clear differences that support separation of the BGWL agent from related phytoplasmas were observed within the 16S–23S rDNA spacer sequence, by serological comparisons, in vector transmission and in host-range specificity. From these results, it can be concluded that the BGWL phytoplasma is a discrete taxon at the putative species level, for which the name ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma cynodontis' is proposed. Strain BGWL-C1 was selected as the reference strain. Phytoplasmas that are associated with brachiaria white leaf, carpet grass white leaf and diseases of date palms showed 16S rDNA and/or 16S–23S rDNA spacer sequences that were identical or nearly identical to those of the BGWL phytoplasmas. However, the data available do not seem to be sufficient for a proper taxonomic assignment of these phytoplasmas.

Corynebacterium rathayi. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Artificial Inoculation ◽  
Bacillus Mucilaginosus ◽  
Agropyron Smithii ◽  
Orchard Grass ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Frequent Failure

Abstract A description is provided for Corynebacterium rathayi. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Dactylis glomerata; also naturally on Cynodon dactylon (4, 336) and Secale cereale (6, 663). By artificial inoculation using nematodes as vectors on Triticum aestivum, T. durum, T. dicoccum and T. pyramidale (Sabet, 1954). DISEASE: Yellow slime disease of cocksfoot (orchard grass). Yellow bacterial slime covers upper parts of plants, especially the inflorescences. Such parts often become dwarfed and distorted and inflorescences may fail to emerge from sheaths, which are firmly stuck together by slime. Vessels and parenchyma are invaded by bacteria. Very similar diseases have been reported on other grasses as caused by different species. These include Corynebacterium tritici (CMI Descript. 377), C. agropyri on Agropyron smithii, C. iranicum on wheat, and Bacillus mucilaginosus koeleriae on Koeleria glauca. The first is often reported and of wide distribution, but the others have been reported only once or very few times each. It is possible that all belong to one species, perhaps a variable one, or one with different formae speciales. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: N.W. Europe, N. America, New Zealand (CMI Map 156, ed. 2, 1966). Also recently reported from Japan (51, 1579). TRANSMISSION: Seedborne. The pathogen occurs in slime on seed from partially infected inflorescences. Wet periods in May and June evidently favour the spread of the disease in Denmark, where it has been observed that the percentage of infected seed is maximum in years following two successive years in which May and June were wet (Skou, 1965). The aetiology is not fully known. The only records of successful artificial inoculation into Dactylis glomerata are those of Dowson & D'Oliveira (14, 514), who used bacterial slime inoculated with a scalpel into leaf sheaths at the bases of young, vigorously growing shoots; Severin & Docea (50, 1047y) used cultures, but unfortunately give few details. Other workers have reported no success with either pure cultures or with slime. The nematode Anguina tritici, which transmits the closely related C. tritici on wheat, has been shown by Sabet (1954) to carry C. rathayi into wheat and cause an identical disease, but this nematode does not go to Dactylis. Sabet therefore suggested that an unknown nematode vector may be involved in transmitting C. rathayi. Absence of the necessary vector may explain the frequent failure of inoculations. Direct plant to plant transmission seems very unlikely.

scholarly journals Molecular detection of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australasia’ and ‘Ca. P. cynodontis’ in Iraq

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 112-119
Author(s):  
Nawres Abdulelah Sadeq Alkuwaiti ◽  
Tariq Abdulsada Kareem ◽  
Layla Jabar Sabier
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Bermuda Grass ◽  
Nucleotide Identity ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
White Leaf ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Total Dna ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract The association of phytoplasma was investigated in symptomatic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), eggplant (Solanum melongen L.), mallow (Malva spp.) and Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon L.) plants exhibiting witches’ broom and white leaf diseases, respectively. Total DNA was extracted from tomato (n=3), eggplant (n=2), mallow (n=2) and Bermuda grass (n=8) samples. Direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using P1/P7 primer set, then PCR products were sequenced. Sequences obtained from tomato, eggplant and mallow shared 99% maximum nucleotide identity with phytoplasma belonging to subgroup 16SrII-D, and resulted therefore ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australasia’-related. Sequences obtained from Bermuda grass showed 100% maximum nucleotide identity to 16SrXIV-A subgroup and were ‘Ca. P. cynodontis’-related. The study presents the first molecular confirmation and sequence data of presence of ‘Ca. P. australasia’ and ‘Ca. P. cynodontis’ in Iraq.

Eurotium rubrum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Kozakiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Human Nails

Abstract A description is provided for Eurotium rubrum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A xerotolerant species with the same host range as E. repens (IMI Sheet 1255). DISEASES: Not known to be a pathogen of animals or man, but the species has been isolated from human nails (Smith, 1989). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide.

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