Corynebacterium rathayi. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Artificial Inoculation ◽  
Bacillus Mucilaginosus ◽  
Agropyron Smithii ◽  
Orchard Grass ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Frequent Failure

Abstract A description is provided for Corynebacterium rathayi. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Dactylis glomerata; also naturally on Cynodon dactylon (4, 336) and Secale cereale (6, 663). By artificial inoculation using nematodes as vectors on Triticum aestivum, T. durum, T. dicoccum and T. pyramidale (Sabet, 1954). DISEASE: Yellow slime disease of cocksfoot (orchard grass). Yellow bacterial slime covers upper parts of plants, especially the inflorescences. Such parts often become dwarfed and distorted and inflorescences may fail to emerge from sheaths, which are firmly stuck together by slime. Vessels and parenchyma are invaded by bacteria. Very similar diseases have been reported on other grasses as caused by different species. These include Corynebacterium tritici (CMI Descript. 377), C. agropyri on Agropyron smithii, C. iranicum on wheat, and Bacillus mucilaginosus koeleriae on Koeleria glauca. The first is often reported and of wide distribution, but the others have been reported only once or very few times each. It is possible that all belong to one species, perhaps a variable one, or one with different formae speciales. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: N.W. Europe, N. America, New Zealand (CMI Map 156, ed. 2, 1966). Also recently reported from Japan (51, 1579). TRANSMISSION: Seedborne. The pathogen occurs in slime on seed from partially infected inflorescences. Wet periods in May and June evidently favour the spread of the disease in Denmark, where it has been observed that the percentage of infected seed is maximum in years following two successive years in which May and June were wet (Skou, 1965). The aetiology is not fully known. The only records of successful artificial inoculation into Dactylis glomerata are those of Dowson & D'Oliveira (14, 514), who used bacterial slime inoculated with a scalpel into leaf sheaths at the bases of young, vigorously growing shoots; Severin & Docea (50, 1047y) used cultures, but unfortunately give few details. Other workers have reported no success with either pure cultures or with slime. The nematode Anguina tritici, which transmits the closely related C. tritici on wheat, has been shown by Sabet (1954) to carry C. rathayi into wheat and cause an identical disease, but this nematode does not go to Dactylis. Sabet therefore suggested that an unknown nematode vector may be involved in transmitting C. rathayi. Absence of the necessary vector may explain the frequent failure of inoculations. Direct plant to plant transmission seems very unlikely.

Clavibacter XYLI subsp. cynodontis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Bermuda Grass ◽  
Artificial Inoculation ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Ecological Significance ◽  
Sudan Grass ◽  
White Leaf

Abstract A description is provided for Clavibacter XYLI subsp. cynodontis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Cynodon dactylon, where it is limited to the xylem. It also multiplies in the xylem of sugar cane and a Sudan grass-sorghum hybrid when artificially inoculated, but symptoms are not produced (61, 4328). Further host range not yet recorded. DISEASE: Bermuda grass stunting disease. Natural occurrences so far discovered have been in combination with mycoplasma-like organisms thought to cause white leaf and witches' broom symptoms. The presence of the bacterium causes considerably more severe symptoms. The full ecological significance of this bacterium has not yet been evaluated, but a further stress is usually required to produce noticeable symptoms. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Taiwan, USA (Florida). TRANSMISSION: So far only mechanical transmission, by artificial inoculation, is known. Cutting blades and possibly grazing animals are likely to spread the infection.

DIFFERENTIAL HOSTS AND NEW HOST RECORDS FOR FIVE GRASS VIRUSES

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Slykhuis
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
New Host ◽  
Agropyron Smithii ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Orchard Grass ◽  
Differential Hosts ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
New Host Records

A number of cereals and other grasses were compared as hosts for different isolates of viruses causing Agropyron mosaic (AMV), wheat streak mosaic (WSMV), barley stripe mosaic (BSMV), ryegrass mosaic (RMV) and orchard grass mosaic (OMV). Lolium multiflorum L. was susceptible to all the viruses. The four varieties of wheat tested were highly susceptible to AMV, WSMV and BSMV, but not to RMV or OMV. Clintland oats was susceptible to WSMV, RMV and OMV but not to AMV or BSMV. Lolium perenne L. and Dactylis glomerata L. were infected by RMV and OMV only, Agropyron repens L. Beauv. by AMV only, and Setaria italica L. Beauv. by BSMV only. Brant and Husky barley were slightly susceptible to AMV, but seven other varieties appeared immune. Unusual host records include the infection of Setaria lutescens (Weigel) Hubb. and one plant of Agropyron smithii Rydb. with WSMV, and the infection of Agropyron intermedium (Host) Beauv. with BSMV. A list of differential hosts is proposed.

Ecology and biogeography in the introduction to “De bestiis marinis” by Georg Wilhelm Steller

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-74
Author(s):  
Stefano Mattioli
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Functional Traits ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Restricted Range ◽  
Direct Influence ◽  
Modern Biology

The rediscovery of the original, unedited Latin manuscript of Georg Wilhelm Steller's “De bestiis marinis” (“On marine mammals”), first published in 1751, calls for a new translation into English. The main part of the treatise contains detailed descriptions of four marine mammals, but the introduction is devoted to more general issues, including innovative speculation on morphology, ecology and biogeography, anticipating arguments and concepts of modern biology. Steller noted early that climate and food have a direct influence on body size, pelage and functional traits of mammals, potentially affecting reversible changes (phenotypic plasticity). Feeding and other behavioural habits have an impact on the geographical distribution of mammals. Species with a broad diet tend to have a wide distribution, whereas animals with a narrow diet more likely have only a restricted range. According to Steller, both sea and land then still concealed countless animals unknown to science.

Cochliobolus cynodontis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sivanesan
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Bermuda Grass

Abstract A description is provided for Cochliobolus cynodontis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Cynodon dactylon (very common on this host), other Cynodon spp., Agropyron, Ammi, Arecastrum, Axonopus, Calathea, Chamaedorea, Chrysalidocarpus, Dactyloctenium, Eleusine, Hordeum, Ipomoea, Lycopersicon, Muhlenbergia, Oryza, Panicum, Pennisetum, Poa, Rhapis, Secale and Zea. DISEASE: Leafspot of Bermuda grass end other crops, leaf blight end brown patches of turf, lawns end golflinks. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Brunei, Egypt, Ghana, Guinea, India, Israel, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Spain, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Trinidad, Turkey, USA, USSR, Venezuela, Yugoslavia and Zambia. TRANSMISSION: By wind-borne conidia and seed-borne.

Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum. [Distribution map].

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Bermuda Grass ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Convolvulus Arvensis ◽  
New Distribution ◽  
Wild Hosts ◽  
Distribution In Europe ◽  
Candidatus Phytoplasma Prunorum

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum Seemüller & Schneider. Phytoplasma. Hosts: Prunus spp., including peach, apricot, cherry, almond and plum. Wild hosts include bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) and Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, France, Mainland France, Germany, Greece, Mainland Greece, Hungary, Italy, Mainland Italy, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Mainland Spain, Switzerland), Asia (Azerbaijan, Turkey).

Xanthomonas campestris pv. graminis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Reay
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Natural Host Range

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas campestris pv. graminis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Lolium italicum, L. multiflorum, L. perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca pratensis, and Trisetum flavescens. Single cases of natural infection of Agropyron repens, Phalaris arundinacea and Phleum pratense are also recorded (62, 241), but their status in the natural host range is unknown. In inoculation tests (Egli et al., 1975; Egli & Schmidt, 1982) the following were highly susceptible: Alopecurus pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, F. pratensis, F. rubra, Lolium loliaceum, L. multiforum, L. parabolicae, L. perenne, L. remotum, L. temulentum, Phleum arenarium and P. bertolonii. Showing much less susceptibility were Agrostis alba, Arrhenatherum elatius, Phleum alpinum, P. phleoides, P. pratense, Poa annua, P. compressa, P. fertilis, P. memoralis, P. pratensis and P. trivialis. Leyns et al. (61, 6162) found that Agrosas tenuis and Festuca ovina were moderately susceptible when inoculated. Egli et al. (1975) recorded doubtful symptoms on Hordeum vulgare and Triacum aestivam on inoculation, but consider that they are unlikely to be naturally infected. DISEASE: Bacterial wilt of forage grasses. Symptoms usually first noticed at the heading stage, when young leaves curl and wither, and shoots remain stunted or may die. Other plants will continue to make poor growth and produce small, distorted inflorescences. Chlorotic and necrotic zones form on the older leaves along long stretches of vascular bundles, often extending into the sheaths. Bacterial streaming may be seen under the microscope from the cut ends of vascular bundles of infected tissue mounted in water. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CMI Map 533, ed. 1, 1979 lists France, Germany, Switzerland and Wales, to which must be added Scotland (63, 2925), Belgium (61, 4199), Netherlands, Norway (62, 241), and New Zealand (62, 241). Possibly in USA (IL; 61, 5045) though this disease is currently attributed to a Rickettsia- like organism. TRANSMISSION: Within the crop transmission is presumed to be by the blades of mowing machines.

Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Pyrenophora Tritici Repentis ◽  
Elymus Repens ◽  
Weed Hosts ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Grass Weed ◽  
Severe Leaf ◽  
Agropyron Repens

Abstract A description is provided for Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Wheat, rye, barley, Agropyrons repens, Cynodon dactylon, Elymus glaucus. DISEASES: Causes yellow leaf spot of cereals and grasses; oval to lanceolate. yellow to grey brown lesions often with a yellow halo. The lesions can be distinguished from those caused by Cochliobolus sativus because of their lighter colour. The disease results in premature death of leaves. It can also cause a seedling blight and root rot. Common and widespread on Agropyron repens[Elymus repens] and wheat, occasionally on barley and rye and recorded on many other grasses. Sometimes causes severe leaf wilt and spotting especially on durum wheat. Leaves of Agropyron repens[Elymus repens] when attacked gradually lose their colour and wither from the tips backwards; they become at first pale yellow, later grey. On wheat fusiform, oval or lanceolate spots, 0.5-2 cm long, 2-4 mm wide are formed. These are at first yellow but later turn brown or greyish brown often with a yellow halo. The leaves die prematurely from the tip backwards. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia; Asia (Japan, India, Nepal); Africa (Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia); Europe (Britain, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Sweden, Cyprus); S. America (Bolivia); and N. America (Canada, USA). TRANSMISSION: Air-borne spores (51, 1045p), seed-borne by both external contamination and internal infection (34, 24), secondary grass weed hosts (11, 695), carryover on stubble and other crop debris (43, 1225f; 52, 685).

Puccinia cynodontis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Mulder
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Bermuda Grass

Abstract A description is provided for Puccinia cynodontis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aecial stage on species of Plantago. Uredial and telial stages on species of Cynodon, particularly C. dactylon. DISEASE: Leaf rust of Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread. Africa: Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Mauritius Morocco, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia and Zambia. Americas: Argentina, Barbados, Bermuda, Colombia, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rieo, Salvador, Trinidad, USA (South) and Venezuela. Asia: Cambodia, Ceylon, China, India, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey and USSR. Australasia & Oceania: Australia, Hawaii, New Caledonia, New Zealand and Papua & New Guinea. Europe: Cyprus, France, Malta and Rumania. TRANSMISSION: No studies appear to have been reported. Since the aecial stage has not been found in USA the urediospores presumably survive during the dormant periods of the tdial host.

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