Sarea resinae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Hawksworth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Larix Leptolepis ◽  
Coniferous Trees ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Picea Excelsa

Abstract A description is provided for Sarea resinae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The apothecia and pycnidia develop on the resinous exudates from cankers and other wounds in a wide range of coniferous trees including Cupressus macrocarpa, Larix leptolepis, Picea excelsa, P. mariana, P. sitchensis, Pinus banksii, P. contorta, P. halipensis, P. strobus, P. sylvestris and Pseudotsuga menzesii. DISEASE: Although commonly found in association with exudates from cankers and other wounds it is not clear whether this fungus is a pathogen or a secondary saprophytic invader. It is been reported as causing a reddish stain ('krasnina') in wood of living spruce (Shchedrova, 1959) and wounded pines (Sokolov & Bazbenova, 1954). A few attempts have been made to inoculate twigs, but did not give rise to lesions (Ayres, 1941). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Almost certainly circumboreal in the Northern Hemisphere, occurring where coniferous trees are native or planted. Recorded at least from Austria, the British Isles, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Kenya, Nepal, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the USA and the USSR. TRANSMISSION: The conidia arise in mucilage and so must presumably be dispersed by rain trickles and/or insect vectors. In contrast the ascospores are presumed to be forcibly ejected and probably wind-dispersed.

The lichenicolous Phoma species (coelomycetes) on Cladonia

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul DIEDERICH ◽  
Jana KOCOURKOVÁ ◽  
Javier ETAYO ◽  
Mikhail ZHURBENKO
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa

Abstract:The lichenicolous Phoma species on Cladonia are revised. A statistical analysis of the conidial size suggests that three species are involved: P. cladoniicola sp. nov. a common and widespread species in the Northern Hemisphere occurring on a wide range of Cladonia species; P. foliaceiphila sp. nov. known from C. foliacea and C. fimbriata in Europe; and P. grumantiana sp. nov. known from C. symphycarpia and C. mateocyatha in Svalbard and the USA.

Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lia Liefting
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Quarantine Pest ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Unculturable Bacteria ◽  
Commercial Crop ◽  
Cabbage Tree

Abstract Phytoplasmas are wall-less, phloem-limited unculturable bacteria that are naturally spread by sap-sucking insects. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense', subgroup 16SrXII-B, is associated with a wide range of diseases in Australia and New Zealand. Important commercial crop hosts of 'Ca. Phytoplasma australiense' include grapevine, papaya and strawberry. This phytoplasma is associated with rapid death of its papaya and cabbage tree hosts. In New Zealand, the insect vectors have been confirmed to be the endemic Cixiid planthoppers, Zeoliarus atkinsoni and Z. oppositus, while in Australia no vector has yet been determined, although the leafhopper, Orosius argentatus, has been implicated. Long distance spread of the phytoplasma is possible through infected vegetative propagating material. 'Ca. Phytoplasma australiense' is on the A1 list of regulated organisms for Canada and Bahrain, and is listed as a quarantine pest for the USA.

scholarly journals Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lia Liefting
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Quarantine Pest ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Unculturable Bacteria ◽  
Commercial Crop ◽  
Cabbage Tree

Abstract Phytoplasmas are wall-less, phloem-limited unculturable bacteria that are naturally spread by sap-sucking insects. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense', subgroup 16SrXII-B, is associated with a wide range of diseases in Australia and New Zealand. Important commercial crop hosts of 'Ca. Phytoplasma australiense' include grapevine, papaya and strawberry. This phytoplasma is associated with rapid death of its papaya and cabbage tree hosts. In New Zealand, the insect vectors have been confirmed to be the endemic Cixiid planthoppers, Zeoliarus atkinsoni and Z. oppositus, while in Australia no vector has yet been determined, although the leafhopper, Orosius argentatus, has been implicated. Long distance spread of the phytoplasma is possible through infected vegetative propagating material. 'Ca. Phytoplasma australiense' is on the A1 list of regulated organisms for Canada and Bahrain, and is listed as a quarantine pest for the USA.

Ganoderma applanatum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Steyaert
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Southern Limit ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Ganoderma Applanatum ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Infected Plant Material ◽  
Root Contact

Abstract A description is provided for Ganoderma applanatum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A very wide range of broad-leaved and coniferous trees. As much confusion has arisen between G. applanatum and G. adspersum earlier references must be accepted only with care as to the hosts. It is the authors observation that G. applanatum is more frequent in the woodland biotype than in orchards, garden and roadside plantations while G. adspersum seems to be more frequent in the latter. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Throughout the northern hemisphere temperate zone. The northern limit follows the tree line. The southern limit is Florida in the USA, the Mediterranean sea in Europe, Northern Iran, Northern Pakistan, southern slopes of the Himalayas, but a specimen has been obtained from Bombay in India. In Pakistan and India it overlaps slightly with the range of G. tornatum (CMI Descript. 447). TRANSMISSION: Transmission is probably confined to air-borne spores and root contact with infected plant material in the soil.

Potebniamyces coniferarum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Larix Leptolepis ◽  
Abies Grandis ◽  
Stems And Leaves ◽  
Picea Excelsa

Abstract A description is provided for Potebniamyces coniferarum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On living and dead branches, stems and leaves of conifers: Picea excelsa, Abies grandis, A. alba, Cedrus atlantica, C. deodara, C. libani, Larix leptolepis, L. decidua, L. russica, L. × eurolepis, L. occidentalis, Pinus strobus, P. sylvestris, P. radiata, P. canariensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, P. douglasii, P. glauca, P. taxifolia, Sequoia gigantea, S. wellingtonia, Tsuga heterophylla, T. canadensis. DISEASE: A facultative pathogen which causes twig die-back and basal canker on young shoots and elongate cankers on older stems. The latter may be annual or may persist for three or four years. Larix, Pinus and Pseudotsuga are particularly susceptible. The fungus also causes blue sap stain of conifer timber. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, France, Italy, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, USSR, Romania, Iceland); North America (N.E. and N.W. USA, Canada); New Zealand. (CMI Map 320, ed. 2, 1968) TRANSMISSION: By splash-dispersed conidia and possibly by ascospores.

scholarly journals Geospatial Analysis of COVID-19: A Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2336
Author(s):  
Munazza Fatima ◽  
Kara J. O’Keefe ◽  
Wenjia Wei ◽  
Sana Arshad ◽  
Oliver Gruebner
Keyword(s):  
Disease Mapping ◽  
Geospatial Analysis ◽  
Hotspot Analysis ◽  
Spatial Studies ◽  
Epidemiological Modeling ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Scoping Reviews ◽  
Disease Pattern ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Meta Analyses

The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China in late December 2019 became the harbinger of the COVID-19 pandemic. During the pandemic, geospatial techniques, such as modeling and mapping, have helped in disease pattern detection. Here we provide a synthesis of the techniques and associated findings in relation to COVID-19 and its geographic, environmental, and socio-demographic characteristics, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) methodology for scoping reviews. We searched PubMed for relevant articles and discussed the results separately for three categories: disease mapping, exposure mapping, and spatial epidemiological modeling. The majority of studies were ecological in nature and primarily carried out in China, Brazil, and the USA. The most common spatial methods used were clustering, hotspot analysis, space-time scan statistic, and regression modeling. Researchers used a wide range of spatial and statistical software to apply spatial analysis for the purpose of disease mapping, exposure mapping, and epidemiological modeling. Factors limiting the use of these spatial techniques were the unavailability and bias of COVID-19 data—along with scarcity of fine-scaled demographic, environmental, and socio-economic data—which restrained most of the researchers from exploring causal relationships of potential influencing factors of COVID-19. Our review identified geospatial analysis in COVID-19 research and highlighted current trends and research gaps. Since most of the studies found centered on Asia and the Americas, there is a need for more comparable spatial studies using geographically fine-scaled data in other areas of the world.

scholarly journals Bioinsecticides based on plant essential oils: a short overview

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 179-182
Author(s):  
Murray B. Isman
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Plant Essential Oils ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Regulatory Challenges

AbstractInterest in the discovery and development of plant essential oils for use as bioinsecticides has grown enormously in the past 20 years. However, successful commercialization and utilization of crop protection products based on essential oils has thus far lagged far behind their promise based on this large body of research, most notably because with the exceptions of the USA and Australia, such products receive no special status from regulatory agencies that approve new pesticides for use. Essential oil-based insecticides have now been used in the USA for well over a decade, and more recently have seen use in the European Union (EU), Korea, and about a dozen other countries, with demonstrated efficacy against a wide range of pests and in numerous crop systems. For the most part these products are based on commodity essential oils developed as flavor and fragrance agents for the food and cosmetic industries, as there are formidable logistic, economic, and regulatory challenges to the use of many other essential oils that otherwise possess potentially useful bioactivity against pests. In spite of these limitations, the overall prospects for biopesticides, including those based on essential oils, are encouraging as the demand for sustainably-produced and/or organic food continues to increase worldwide.

Events in Northern Africa and Middle East: Causes and Consequences

2011 ◽  
pp. 11-25
Author(s):  
I. Labinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Northern Africa ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Oriental Studies

Political developments in North Africa and the Middle East that have begun in January 2011 are gaining strength and involve an increasing number of Arab countries. The participants of the Roundtable – experts from IMEMO, Institute of Oriental Studies (RAS), Institute of the USA and Canada (RAS) and Mrs. E. Suponina from “Moscow News” newspaper analyzed a wide range of issues associated with these events. Among them are: 1) the reasons for such a large-scale explosion, 2) the nature of the discussed developments (revolutions, riots?) and who are the subjects of the current “Arab drama”, 3) the role of Islam and political Islamism, 4) the role of external factors.

Helminthosphaeria stuppea. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tsuga Mertensiana

Abstract A description is provided for Helminthosphaeria stuppea, which is apparently saprobic and able to colonize woody parts of a wide range of plants. Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, habitats, dispersal and transmission, and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (North America (USA (California, Colorado, Utah and Washington)), Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, France and UK)) and hosts (including Tsuga mertensiana). No reports of negative economic impacts have been found.

Bactrocera papayae. [Distribution map].

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Fleshy Fruits ◽  
Irian Jaya ◽  
Christmas Island ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Bactrocera papayae Drew & Hancock Diptera: Tephritidae. Attacks a wide range of fleshy fruits and vegetables. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Brunei, Christmas Island, Indonesia, Bali, Flores, Java, Kalimantan, Lombok, Sulawesi, Sumbawa, Timor, Malaysia, Sabah, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, AUSTRALASIA, Australia, Queensland, Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea.

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