Ganoderma applanatum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Steyaert
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Southern Limit ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Ganoderma Applanatum ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Infected Plant Material ◽  
Root Contact

Abstract A description is provided for Ganoderma applanatum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A very wide range of broad-leaved and coniferous trees. As much confusion has arisen between G. applanatum and G. adspersum earlier references must be accepted only with care as to the hosts. It is the authors observation that G. applanatum is more frequent in the woodland biotype than in orchards, garden and roadside plantations while G. adspersum seems to be more frequent in the latter. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Throughout the northern hemisphere temperate zone. The northern limit follows the tree line. The southern limit is Florida in the USA, the Mediterranean sea in Europe, Northern Iran, Northern Pakistan, southern slopes of the Himalayas, but a specimen has been obtained from Bombay in India. In Pakistan and India it overlaps slightly with the range of G. tornatum (CMI Descript. 447). TRANSMISSION: Transmission is probably confined to air-borne spores and root contact with infected plant material in the soil.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. batatas. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brayford
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Vascular Wilt ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Infected Plant Material

Abstract A description is provided for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. batatas. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato), Nicotiana (tobacco). The fungus may infect a wide range of other plants in Convolvulaceae (63, 1065) and other families, sometimes without causing wilt symptoms. DISEASE: Vascular wilt, sometimes called stem rot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Brazil (62, 525), China, Hawaii, India, Japan, Malawi, New Zealand. The disease occurs in temperate rather than tropical regions. TRANSMISSION: The fungus may survive in soil for many years as chlamydospores. Transmission may occur by means of infected plant material used for propagation, or through contaminated soil.

Cylindrocarpon musae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brayford
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Infected Plant Material

Abstract A description is provided for Cylindrocarpon musae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Musa AAA (Cavendish). DISEASE: Rotting of fleshy roots and rhizomes of banana. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Philippines; North America: Costa Rica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Panama; South America: Colombia, Ecuador. TRANSMISSION: The fungus probably survives as 'chlamydospores' in soil. Its slimy spores may be dispersed by water. Long distance spread may potentially occur by transportation of infected plant material or contaminated soil.

Pleospora herbarum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Broad Bean ◽  
Net Blotch ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ring Spot ◽  
Severe Leaf

Abstract A description is provided for Pleospora herbarum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide range of hosts including apple, ash, broad bean, clover, endive, gladiolus, gramineae, lettuce, lupin, muskmelon, onion, Onobrychis, Medicago sativa, mangold, tomato, Trifolium, Vicia (40: 230). DISEASES: Leaf spot of mangold, clover (Trifolium), lucerne (Medicago sativa), endive, lettuce, onion seedlings and gladiolus, net blotch of field and broad bean (Vicia), ring spot of sanfoin (Onobrychis) foot rot of tomato. Severe leaf spot on muskmelon may cause leaf fall and sun scald of fruit (37: 625). Lesions caused by other fungi may also be colonized as on lucerne (38: 11) or be associated with some other disease complex such as Pseudomonas savastanoi on ash (36: 144). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide; very common in temperate and sub-tropical regions. TRANSMISSION: Generally air-borne as ascospores or conidia. These penetrate the leaf or petiole via stomata (37: 365). May also occur on seeds (38: 146) and in soil.

Fusarium flocciferum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brayford
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Skin Infections ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Root Tuber ◽  
Cultivated Mushroom

Abstract A description is provided for Fusarium flocciferum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Isolated from soil. Also occurs on the roots of a wide range of plants, including temperate cereals (Hordeum, Triticum), legumes (Lupinus, Pisum, Vicia), cucurbits (Cucumis sativus), and others such as carrot (Daucus carota) and beet (Beta vulgaris); sometimes occurs in association with nematodes. DISEASE: Not regarded as an aggressive pathogen, but in association with nematodes may cause root lesions, damping-off, root, tuber or bulb rots. Reported to cause disorders of cultivated mushroom beds. Occasionally causes skin infections of animals (one IMI record from crocodile's tail). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread but infrequent, apparently more common in temperate regions. Reported from Asia: Bhutan, China, India, Iran, Turkey; Australasia: New Zealand; Europe: Denmark, Germany, The Netherlands, Poland, Turkey (W), UK; North America: Canada, USA. TRANSMISSION: Conidia are dispersed locally by water flow and splash droplets. Chlamydospores may be transported by movement of soil or infected plant debris. It may also be seed-borne (71, 1568).

Armillariella mellea. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1972 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. Pegler
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Butt Rot ◽  
Rotten Wood ◽  
Mycorrhizal Associations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Living Tissues ◽  
Armillariella Mellea

Abstract A description is provided for Armillariella mellea[Armillaria mellea]. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The fungus has been recorded as a pathogen on an extremely wide range of dicotyledonous and coniferous trees and shrubs (Raabe, 1962; Browne, 1968). It has also been found on potato (1: 357), narcissus (11: 376), strawberry (8: 727), bamboo (40: 436), geranium (12: 5227), sugarcane and banana (25: 355), but attack of monocotyledons and herbaceous plants is rare. DISEASE: Armillaria root rot. Armillaria root disease. Honey fungus. Armillariella mellea has two roles as a plant pathogen. It may act as a lethal pathogen by invading and destroying the cambium of the root and lower stem, following which it may colonize and rot the woody tissues of the host after its death, or it may cause a butt rot without attacking the living tissues of the host. Both types of disease have a patchy distribution in the field, characteristically spreading from inoculum centres in the soil, so that the hosts which have been most recently attacked are found at the edge of the patch. Where lethal attack occurs the host dies rapidly and (in the case of conifers and certain dicotyledonous trees) the bark of the roots and stem base is cracked and covered with gum or resin exudate. Thick, creamy-white, fan-like sheets of mycelium are found under the bark and these are frequently accompanied by flattened, dark brown rhizomorphs (forma subcorticalis). These rhizomorphs may also be epiphytic on roots and grow out into the soil, where their form is more cylindrical (forma subterranea). Sporophores may be formed on the host in advanced stages of the disease. The butt rot is a typical soft white rot with pronounced black zone lines. It seldom advances more than 1-2 m up the stem. The rotten wood is often luminous. Armillariella mellea also forms balanced mycorrhizal associations with the orchids Galeola septentrionalis and Gastrodia elata. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide, throughout forests of the temperate and tropic regions (CMI Map 143, ed. 3, 1969). TRANSMISSION: By infection of woody debris and stumps by air-borne basidiospores, by the growth of rhizomorphs through the soil, by root contact with infected soil debris and transport of infected plant material.

Phialophora asteris. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Hawksworth
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Vascular Wilt ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Soil P

Abstract A description is provided for Phialophora asteris. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aster novi-belgii cultivars (michaelmas daisy) and, more rarely, A. tradescantii. Cultivars of Callistephus chinensis are also very susceptible with A. amellus, A. linosyris and Bellis perennis moderately so; A. acris and A. novae-angliae appear to be resistant (Burge & Isaac, 1974). DISEASE: Vascular wilt of michaelmas daisies, aster wilt. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, Netherlands, Denmark); New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by splash dispersed conidia and by infected plant debris in the soil.

Acidovorax konjaci. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Saddler
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Bacterial Leaf Blight ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Plant Leaf ◽  
Amorphophallus Konjac ◽  
Infected Plant Material

Abstract A description is provided for Acidovorax konjaci. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Amorphophallus konjac (konjac or konnyaku). DISEASE: Bacterial leaf blight of the konjac plant; leaf spot and leaf blight. Under severe conditions petioles are infected and wilting of plants and rotting of roots may ensue. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Japan. TRANSMISSION: The bacteria can survive on infected plant material for more than a year and the corm can harbour infection for six months. Plant debris or previously infected corms are the most likely infection sources (Hayashi, 1989). Secondary dissemination occurs through the action of wind and rain (Hayashi, 1991).

Ganoderma philippii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Steyaert
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
The North ◽  
Root Sheath ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vegetative Characters ◽  
Root Contact

Abstract A description is provided for Ganoderma philippii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Recorded from a wide range of phanerogams. Cause of lethal root disease ('root rot') of rubber, tea, coffee, cacao and cinchona; being particularly important on the first two crops. DISEASE: Red root rot, causing the death of the host, accompanied by rhizomorphic encrustation of the roots described above. This is accompanied by a decay of the roots which, in its early stages, is pale brown and firm and becomes pale buff, water-soaked and spongy later on. The distribution of the disease in plantation is typically patchy. In a similar African disease, sometimes attributed to G. philippii (= G. pseudaferreum), the advancing rhimomorphs are separate for 2-3 feet before forming the root sheath (R.A. Fox, pers. comm.). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: South East Asia, from Burma through Malaysia and Vietnam in the north; Sri Lanka, Southern India through Indonesia to Papua New Guinea in the south (CMI Distribution Map No. 98, ed. 2. 1965: records in Africa are based on vegetative characters only and not confirmed by corresponding sporophore collections). TRANSMISSION: By root contact with neighbouring infected trees or with infected woody material in the soil. Where sporophores are formed, spread by air-borne basidiospores is possible, although attempts to infect stumps with these have been unsuccessful (49, 1467).

Sarea resinae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Hawksworth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Larix Leptolepis ◽  
Coniferous Trees ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Picea Excelsa

Abstract A description is provided for Sarea resinae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The apothecia and pycnidia develop on the resinous exudates from cankers and other wounds in a wide range of coniferous trees including Cupressus macrocarpa, Larix leptolepis, Picea excelsa, P. mariana, P. sitchensis, Pinus banksii, P. contorta, P. halipensis, P. strobus, P. sylvestris and Pseudotsuga menzesii. DISEASE: Although commonly found in association with exudates from cankers and other wounds it is not clear whether this fungus is a pathogen or a secondary saprophytic invader. It is been reported as causing a reddish stain ('krasnina') in wood of living spruce (Shchedrova, 1959) and wounded pines (Sokolov & Bazbenova, 1954). A few attempts have been made to inoculate twigs, but did not give rise to lesions (Ayres, 1941). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Almost certainly circumboreal in the Northern Hemisphere, occurring where coniferous trees are native or planted. Recorded at least from Austria, the British Isles, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Kenya, Nepal, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the USA and the USSR. TRANSMISSION: The conidia arise in mucilage and so must presumably be dispersed by rain trickles and/or insect vectors. In contrast the ascospores are presumed to be forcibly ejected and probably wind-dispersed.

Peronospora hyoscyami f. sp. tabacina. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Airborne Spores ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Blue Mould ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
The Usa

Abstract A description is provided for Peronospora hyoscyami f. sp. tabacina. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Naturally infected: Capsicum annuum, Nicotiana alpina, N. acuminata, N. attenuata, N. benthamiana, N. bigelowii, N. caesia, N. glauca, N. glutinosa, N. langsdorffi, N. longiflora, N. mesophila, N. nodiflora, N. nudicaulis, N. paniculata, N. quadrivalvis, N. repanda, N. rustica, N.x sanderae, N. stocktoni, N. suavolens, N. sylvestris, N. tabacum, N. tomentosa, N. trigonophylla, N. wigandioides, Solanum lycopersicum, S. melongena, S. nigrum.Infected experimentally: Capsicum frutescens, Dunalia ramiflora, Hyoscyamus muticus, H. niger, Nicotiana alata, N. affnis, N. cavanillesii, N. fragrans, N. gossei, N. goodspeedii, N. ipomopsifolia, N. maritima, N. megalosiphon, N. raimondii, N. tomentosifolius, Lehmania otophora, Physalis alkekangi, P. lanceifolia, P. peruviana, Petunia × hybrida, Schizanthus pinnatus. DISEASE: Blue mould of tobacco plants (48, 3141; 61, 2664) (commercial and ornamental varieties are affected); the fungus is an obligately biotrophic plant pathogen. Chlorotic leaf spots develop on leaves of susceptible seedlings, which become deformed. Undersurfaces of leaves become covered with a layer of sporophores, producing a diagnostic blue-grey felt. Rapid generalized light-brown tissue necrosis follows and the apical meristem ceases growth. Disease symptoms may not appear immediately after infection, however, or during sporophore production. If the fungus encounters any barrier to its growth through the plant tissues (because of a physiological response, high temperature or fungicides), then the infection becomes wholly systemic, being confined to an area close to the veins, or to a necrotic area if the plant is genetically resistant. Similar symptoms develop on mature plants in the field and the entire plant may be destroyed within 3-4 weeks, leaving only a blackened stem. The fungus attacks leaves and stems of tobacco seedlings and mature plants in Europe and Australia, but only leaf tissues in the USA, where weather conditions confine it to being a seedling disease in most years. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: First reported in Australia in 1891, now worldwide; see CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases 23. TRANSMISSION: By airborne spores, which can remain viable for 2 months at 20-40% RH, and have been reported to be transported over distances of 1, 600 km. Most favourable conditions for sporulation are an average temperature of 20°C and a period of relatively high humidity (95% RH) for at least 3 h. Spore liberation is dependent on a rise in temperature, a decrease in relative humidity and an increase in insolation. There is some evidence for soil-borne transmission by oospores in infected plant debris in the USA, since blue mould appears more often in seedbeds which have previously contained infected tobacco. Although mycelium can survive and overwinter in plant tissues, there are no reports of transmission by a systemic route.

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