Erwinia carotovora var. carotovora. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Erwinia Carotovora ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Bacterial Soft Rot ◽  
Running Water ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Erwinia carotovora var. carotovora. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide variety of plants affecting particularly their fleshy parts. Elliott (31: 105) lists species belonging to 44 genera as hosts. DISEASE: Bacterial soft rot, a rapidly progressing soft wet rot. The first sign is usually a small water-soaked area, which rapidly enlarges, the tissue becoming soft. In favourable conditions the whole infected organ may become a rotten mass in a few days. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide. TRANSMISSION: The bacteria are likely to be present in any natural soil in which there is decaying plant material. They can be transmitted by many different methods, including, rain splash, running water, insects, tools, hands and clothing of workers, machinery, in air-borne particles and aerosols. They may possibly be carried with seed in the attached debris, but this is unhkely to be important in normal agriculture. The organism requires a wound to gain entry, and usually a weakened or sickly plant if the rot is to proceed in the growing plant. Most healthy growing plants are able to exclude the bacteria by laying down corky tissue in response to the wounding.

Xanthomonas phaseoli var. fuscans. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Small Water ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Dead Plant ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas phaseoli var. fuscans. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Phaseolus vulgaris, P. lunatus and P. coccineus; also on other leguminous hosts on inoculation (39: 3). DISEASE: Fuscous blight. On seeds, pods, leaves and stem. The symptoms of fuscous blight are very similar to common blight, X. phaseoli, with small water-soaked lesions on the leaves which develop into spots with dry, brown centres but X. phaseoli var. fuscans is stated to be more virulent on inoculation to bean and to produce a slight hypertrophy of the tissues about stem wounds. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda): Australasia (New South Wales): Europe (Hungary, Switzerland, U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia); North America (Canada, U.S.A.); (CMI Map 402, 1965). TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne and by wind driven rain splash or wind blown soil in the field (31: 128). The pathogen can survive for long periods both in seed and on dead plant material.

Rhizopus stolonifer. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Lunn
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Fruit And Vegetables ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Pathogenic Organism

Abstract A description is provided for Rhizopus stolonifer. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On soil, fruit and vegetables and decaying plant material, and associated with disorders of man and animals. DISEASE: Causes a wet, pale brown soft rot of many fruit and vegetables. Particularly severe in storage on sweet potatoes, peaches and strawberries. Known as 'whiskers' because of profuse mycelial growth or 'leek' because of soft watery rot. Mildly parasitic to maturing fruit before they are harvested but primarily a wound invading fungus. It is reported as poisoning man (RMVM 6, 1831) and cattle (RMVM 6, 2161) and, experimentally, rats (RMVM 6, 1831). This species has been reported from various phycomycoses of man (RMVM 7, 1885, 3081, 4440; 11, 406), from bovine mycotic abortion (RMVM 6, 2145) and is reported to be experimentally pathogenic to rabbits (RMVM 7, 4027). However, doubt is cast on the role of R. stolonifer as a pathogenic organism in warm-blooded animals as it does not grow at 37°C. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangiospores and also by fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) associated with decaying fruits (43, 576).

Septoria apiicola. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Host Tissue ◽  
Variable Size ◽  
Infected Seed ◽  
Seedling Roots ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Septoria apiicola. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Apium spp. DISEASE: Leaf spot (or late blight) of cultivated and wild celery and celeriac. On leaves, seeds and seedling roots, reducing yield and causing wastage through blemishes on the edible petioles. Leaf lesions of variable size, 1-6 mm diam., abundant, amphigenous, circular or sometimes vein-limited, confluent when severe, becoming depressed pale brown, margin diffuse. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide on Apium spp. TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne (Noble et al., 1958; Sheridan, 1966). Also disseminated by rain-splash, in irrigation water, by contact as well as by animals and workman's tools (Chupp & Sherf, 1960). The pathogen may remain viable in the soil for 18 months in buried celery crop refuse, but for less than 6 weeks in the absence of intact host tissue (42: 82). Viability in infected seed may drop to 2% within 8 months from harvest and both mycelium and conidia can stay alive in seed stored up to 14 months (42: 508; 44, 1332) but not beyond 2 yr.

Pseudomonas lachrymans. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Pseudomonas Lachrymans

Abstract A description is provided for Pseudomonas lachrymans. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Cucumis sativus and C. anguria. It may also attack C. melo var. inodorus (26: 140) and some other cucurbits. Elliott (31: 105) lists 10 hosts, all in the Cucurbitaceae. DISEASE: Angular leaf spot of cucumber. Small water-soaked spots appear on the leaves, petioles, stems, and fruits. On leaves they enlarge and become angular as they are delimited by veins They become tan to brown and the necrotic centres may fall out. On petioles, stems, and fruit spots develop white crusty bactenal exudate. A fruit rot develops if the bacteria penetrate deeply. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North and parts of Central America, most of Europe, U.S.S.R., China, Japan, W. Australia, Israel, southern Africa. (CMI Map 355, ed. 2, 1964). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is seed-borne and infects the cotyledons dunng germination. It can overwinter on infected crop residue in the soil and has been found viable in dry leaf matenal after two and a half years (36: 677). The bacteria are carried from plant to plant within a crop by rain splash and probably by insects (Carsner, 1918; 31: 272). Workers can also spread the disease, particularly when foliage is wet with rain or dew (35: 810).

scholarly journals Assessing Susceptibility of Carrot Roots to Bacterial Soft Rot

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 1020-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Michalik ◽  
Philipp W. Simon ◽  
Warren H. Gabelman
Keyword(s):  
Screening Method ◽  
Erwinia Carotovora ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
Bacterial Soft Rot ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Severity Of Disease ◽  
Disease Damage ◽  
Consistent Response

Four methods for screening carrot (Daucus carota L.) germplasm for resistance to bacterial soft rot were compared. There were differences in resistance among strains, with most severe damage caused by Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora SR 394 (L.R. Jones) Holland and Erwinia carotovora pv. atroseptica SR 159 (van Hall) Jennison. Inoculation of cross-sectional root slices with bacteria applied in suspension-soaked paper disks produced the most consistent response. The severity of disease damage was proportional to bacterial suspension concentration. With the development of a standard screening method, it may be possible for breeders to breed carrots with reduced susceptibility to soft rot.

Rhizopus oryzae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Lunn
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Rhizopus Oryzae ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Vascular Involvement ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Diabetic Rabbits

Abstract A description is provided for Rhizopus oryzae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: In air, soil, compost, and pathogenic for plants, man and other warm blooded animals. DISEASE: Plants: Often in association with R. stolonifer or other fungi, causes pale brown soft rot of fruit, vegetables and bulbs, especially rot of sweet potatoes (Harter et al., 1921; Lauritzen & Harter, 1925; 52, 4179 (as R. nodosus)), root rot of sugar beet (Hildebrand & Koch, 1943; Gaskill & Seliskar, 1952; 52, 1718) and seed-bed losses in groundnuts (Gibson & Clinton, 1953). Also, again in association as above, causes storage rot of many plant products (53, 99) including soyabean seed (54, 1959). Man and animals: Cause of rhinocerebral phycomycosis, sometimes with ocular or vascular involvement in man, particularly diabetics (RMVM 6, 504, 3028; 5, 1426; 8, 2113; 9, 2410). Also reported from bovine mycotic abortion (Nicolet et al., 1966) and from mycotic pneumonia in chicks (RMVM 7, 1861). Has been used in experimental infection of mice, thyroidectomized rats (RMVM 6, 2119) and alloxan-diabetic rabbits (RMVM 7, 2628). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangiospores.

Penicillium expansum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. S. Onions
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Wounds And Injuries ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Cereal Products ◽  
Blue Mould

Abstract A description is provided for Penicillium expansum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Found commonly in soil and in a wide variety of organic material including grains and cereal products, and though generally isolated from mouldy fruit, particularly apples, it also occurs on other pomaceous fruit, cherries, grapes, olives, pineapple and sometimes on citrus and avocado (Raper & Thom 1949, 518-522, & Herb. IMI). DISEASE: Blue mould (soft rot) of apple is characterized by the formation of watery, light or yellowish brown areas on the fruit, which may originate from either the stem or calyx ends. A soft brown rot develops which rapidly destroys the whole fruit. Later, under humid conditions, tufts of massed conidiophores with blue-green conidia appear on the surface of the fruit which gives off a characteristic musty odour. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: By air and soil-borne spores, especially in orchards. The pathogen commonly enters through wounds and injuries but may also penetrate lenticels (11: 658).

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