Phomopsis cucurbitae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Black Rot

Abstract A description is provided for Phomopsis cucurbitae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Occurs on stems, petioles, fruit stalks and fruits of cucurbits, incl. Cucumis sativus. DISEASE: Black rot of cucumber; cankers or lesions on stems, leaf and petiole rot, inflorescence blight and fruit rot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Canada (Ontario), India, UK. TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.

Pseudomonas lachrymans. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Pseudomonas Lachrymans

Abstract A description is provided for Pseudomonas lachrymans. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Cucumis sativus and C. anguria. It may also attack C. melo var. inodorus (26: 140) and some other cucurbits. Elliott (31: 105) lists 10 hosts, all in the Cucurbitaceae. DISEASE: Angular leaf spot of cucumber. Small water-soaked spots appear on the leaves, petioles, stems, and fruits. On leaves they enlarge and become angular as they are delimited by veins They become tan to brown and the necrotic centres may fall out. On petioles, stems, and fruit spots develop white crusty bactenal exudate. A fruit rot develops if the bacteria penetrate deeply. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North and parts of Central America, most of Europe, U.S.S.R., China, Japan, W. Australia, Israel, southern Africa. (CMI Map 355, ed. 2, 1964). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is seed-borne and infects the cotyledons dunng germination. It can overwinter on infected crop residue in the soil and has been found viable in dry leaf matenal after two and a half years (36: 677). The bacteria are carried from plant to plant within a crop by rain splash and probably by insects (Carsner, 1918; 31: 272). Workers can also spread the disease, particularly when foliage is wet with rain or dew (35: 810).

Botryosphaeria obtusa. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Dark Spot ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Spore Release ◽  
Botryosphaeria Obtusa ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Botryosphaeria obtusa. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Malus and Vitis. Also on Acer, Alnus, Amygdalus, Artemisia, Betula, Citrus, Crataegus, Cupressus, Diospyros, Eriobotrya, Hicoria, Juniperus, Liquidambar, Liriodendron, Lucuma, Magnolia, Melia, Nannorrhops, Nerium, Pinus, Platanus, Prunus, Rhamnus, Ribes, Robinia, Rubus, Salix, Sassafras, Tectona, Ulmus, Viburnum, Yucca. DISEASE: Causes canker and dieback on pomaceous fruits and grapevine but can live saprophytically on dead wood and bark of many woody plants. On apple, B. obtusa is responsible for three diseases: a canker (New York apple tree canker or black-rot canker); frog-eye leaf spot; and black-rot of the fruit. Cankers start as small elliptical areas of discoloured wood, often with a peripheral crack; as they grow the bark becomes roughened and black pycnidial pustules protrude. Diseased branches and twigs can be girdled and killed. Leaf spots begin as small, circular, purple spots which increase in size, developing a light brown centre, the typical 'frog-eye' symptom. Extensive defoliation may result if this stage of the disease is severe. The fruit rot usually commences at a wound or at the calyx as a dark spot, which spreads to envelope the whole fruit. Diseased fruits are firm and black but eventually shrivel and become mummified. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in the temperate areas; Europe, Southern Africa, North and South America, India, Japan, New Guinea, Western Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: The fungus can over-winter on mummified fruit, cankers, dead twigs and secondary hosts. Conidia and ascospores are mostly dispersed by rain-splash and perhaps by insects. Spore release is affected by relative humidity and temperature and dispersal is stimulated by night-time rain (50, 735).

Alternaria citri. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Mature Fruit ◽  
Limited Distribution ◽  
Rough Lemon ◽  
Leaf Drop ◽  
Necrotic Spots

Abstract A description is provided for Alternaria citri. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Citrus spp. DISEASES: Black rot of oranges; fruit rot of lemons and tangerines, leaf spot of rough lemon and Emperor mandarin. Probably found in general on Citrus spp., especially fruit. Internal decay in oranges begins near the styler end. There is no external sign of this but infected fruit tend to colour prematurely and some may drop. The condition may be aggravated by weather and host nutrient balance. On lemons a soft, central rot occurs in mature fruit, beginning at the button and spreading to the axis. The rind becomes translucent before the rot appears on the surface. There is also an end rot in which the external spread is almost as extensive as that inside the fruit. On leaves of rough lemon circular or irregular necrotic spots with concentric zoning are produced. A general chlorosis, curling and leaf drop follow. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: The fruit rotting form is widespread although other forms may be of more limited distribution. TRANSMISSION: Presumably air-borne but no dispersal studies appear to have been reported.

Phomopsis sclerotioides. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Cortical Tissue ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Phomopsis Sclerotioides ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Necrotic Spots

Abstract A description is provided for Phomopsis sclerotioides. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On members of Cucurbitaceae. DISEASE: Black rot of cucumber (Cucumis sativus). On finer roots, small isolated sunken necrotic spots. Later infections on older roots greyish black or brown areas (not necessarily sunken), bounded by darker areas (black wavy lines); coalescence occurs. Roots may be girdled and killed and the cortical tissue sloughs off. Stem infected at base from several rotted roots; stems show elongate brown (sometimes black) lesions with amber, gummy exudations. Plants are stunted, have fewer lateral shoots and small, downward cupped, leaves; partially developed fruit does not mature. Irreversible wilt (non-vascular) often reached as fruiting begins (46, 3612; 48, 3235). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Britain, Canada (British Columbia), Denmark, France, Germany, Malaysia (Sabah), Netherlands and Norway (CMI Map 509, ed. 1, 1975). TRANSMISSION: Through soil.

Rhizopus stolonifer. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Sarbhoy
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽  
Artocarpus Integrifolia

Abstract A description is provided for Rhizopus stolonifer. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On fruits: papaya, plum, strawberry, sweet potato, cotton, groundnuts and in rhizosphere soil of various plants, soil and decaying leaves. DISEASE: Causing fruit rot of plum, Jak fruit (Artocarpus integrifolia[Artocarpus integer]), strawberry ('leak'), peach and a rot of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and cotton bolls. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: Air-borne and also by fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, associated with decaying fruit (RAM 43, 576).

Drechslera biseptata. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sivanesan
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Fruit Rot

Abstract A description is provided for Drechslera biseptata. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Agropyron, Aira, Avena, Dactylis, Hordeum, Microlaena, Sorghum, Tetrarrhena, Triticum, Vulpia and Zea; also isolated from Carica papaya (67, 5097). DISEASE: Seed-borne, fruit rot of papaya. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Europe, India, New Zealand, North America. TRANSMISSION: Wind-borne conidia, seed-borne (59, 2159).

Gibberella fujikuroi var. subglutinans. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Gibberella Fujikuroi ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Pokkah Boeng ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Southern Rhodesia

Abstract A description is provided for Gibberella fujikuroi var. subglutinans. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On several hosts of economic importance in the Gramineae; also on a wide range of hosts represented by the following families: Amaryllidaceae, Anacardiaceae, Bromeliaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cruciferae, Iridaceae, Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Malvaceae, Marantaceae, Musaceae, Palmae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae, Sterculiaceae (14: 708; 31: 515; 36: 501; 40: 89 and Herb. IMI). DISEASES: Causes a seedling blight, and root, stalk and kernel rot of maize; also on heads and stalks of sorghum associated with a foot and stem rot, and causing a stem rot and top rot of sugar-cane ('pokkah boeng'). Other records include a wilt of Crotalaria, a heart rot of leaves of banana and Manila hemp, and fruit rot of banana, cacao and pineapple. There appear to be no references to pathogenicity to rice. Also entomogenous on cereal stem borer larvae and other insects (27: 71; 33: 382; 38: 141, 740). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Central African Republic, Congo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mauritius, Morocco, Reunion, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Southern Rhodesia, Tanganyika, Uganda); Asia (Formosa (Taiwan), Hong Kong, India, Java, Indo-China, Philippines, Syria); Australasia (Hawaii, New South Wales, New Zealand, Victoria); Europe (Czechoslovakia, Germany,? Italy, Poland, Romania); Central America & West Indies (French Antilles, Honduras, Trinidad); North America (Canada, United States); South America (Argentina, Peru). (CMI Map 191). TRANSMISSION: Both seed and soil-borne. Air-borne ascospores produced from perithecia on over-wintered plant debris or on dead stalks of sugar-cane at the beginning of the rainy season are also important sources of infection (30: 344). The pathogen may also be disseminated on pupae and adults of cereal stem borers and their parasites in sugar-cane (33: 382).

Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Phytophthora Nicotianae ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Piper Betle ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Southern Rhodesia

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a very wide range of host plants comprising 58 families including: avocado, castor, Cinchona spp., citrus, cotton, eggplant, guava, lucerne, papaw, parsley, pineapple, Piper betle, rhubarb, sesame, strawberry, tomato. DISEASES: Damping-off of seedlings (tomato, castor, citrus, cotton); root rot (citrus, avocado, strawberry, lucerne); crown rot (parsley, rhubarb, strawberry, lucerne); brown stem rot of tobacco; stem canker and tip blight of Cinchona spp. ; leaf blight (castor, sesame, pineapple, Piper betle) and fruit rot (citrus, tomato, guava, papaw, eggplant). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Mali, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Southern Rhodesia, Tanganyika); Asia (Burma, Ceylon, China, Formosa, India, Israel, Japan, Java, Malaya, Philippines); Australia & Oceania (Australia, Hawaii, Tasmania); Europe (Cyprus, France, Germany, Great Britain, Holland, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, U.S.S.R.); North America (Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, U.S.A.); Central America & West Indies (Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Trinidad);. South America (Argentina, Brazil, British Guiana, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, spreading rapidly after heavy rain or where soil remains moist or water-logged (40: 470). Also recorded in drainage water in India and in reservoirs and canals supplying citrus groves in U.S.A. (23: 45; 39: 24). A method for determining a disease potential index in soil using lemon fruit has been described (38: 4). Also present in testas of seeds from diseased citrus fruit which may infect nursery seedbeds (37: 165).

Diaporthe capsici. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Diaporthe capsici. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Capsicum spp. DISEASE: Dieback (Anon., 1972) and fruit rot of chillies, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria); Asia (India, Sabah, Sarawak, Western Malaysia, Philippines); Australasia & Oceania (Fiji, Solomon Is.); West Indies (Trinidad). TRANSMISSION: No studies reported; presumably by conidia spread by rain splash although it is probable that the fungus might also be seed borne.

Botryodiplodia theobromae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Human Cornea ◽  
Botryodiplodia Theobromae ◽  
Boll Rot ◽  
Black Band ◽  
Seed Rot ◽  
Stem Necrosis

Abstract A description is provided for Botryodiplodia theobromae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Plurivorous, on approximately 500 host plants (30, 181; Wellman, 1954; Goss et al., 1961). Also isolated from ulcerated human cornea, lesions on nail and subcutaneous tissue. DISEASES: Causing or associated with damping-off, wilt, blight, die-back, root rot, collar rot, stem necrosis, panel necrosis of rubber, gummosis, black band disease of jute, stump rot, bole rot, rot of sugarcane, leaf spot, witches' broom, fruit blight, fruit rot, pod rot of cacao, boll rot of cotton, seed rot, storage rot of cassava, sweet potato and yams. Also causes loss of cuttings in cacao and budding failure in rubber. Blue staining of timber and blue spotting of crepe rubber. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide but mainly confined to an area 40° north to 40° south of the equator. TRANSMISSION: By wind and water from decaying plantations and orchards (Meredith, 1961; Stover, 1972). Seed-borne in cacao, cotton, groundnut, loquat, Musa spp., rubber and Strophanthus intermedius (Noble & Richardson, 1968). Also by soil-borne conidia. It may be disseminated by insects (48, 2007; 51, 2936). Conidia on seeds viable for 4 months and mycelium for 1 yr. (44, 1223).

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