Botryodiplodia theobromae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Human Cornea ◽  
Botryodiplodia Theobromae ◽  
Boll Rot ◽  
Black Band ◽  
Seed Rot ◽  
Stem Necrosis

Abstract A description is provided for Botryodiplodia theobromae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Plurivorous, on approximately 500 host plants (30, 181; Wellman, 1954; Goss et al., 1961). Also isolated from ulcerated human cornea, lesions on nail and subcutaneous tissue. DISEASES: Causing or associated with damping-off, wilt, blight, die-back, root rot, collar rot, stem necrosis, panel necrosis of rubber, gummosis, black band disease of jute, stump rot, bole rot, rot of sugarcane, leaf spot, witches' broom, fruit blight, fruit rot, pod rot of cacao, boll rot of cotton, seed rot, storage rot of cassava, sweet potato and yams. Also causes loss of cuttings in cacao and budding failure in rubber. Blue staining of timber and blue spotting of crepe rubber. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide but mainly confined to an area 40° north to 40° south of the equator. TRANSMISSION: By wind and water from decaying plantations and orchards (Meredith, 1961; Stover, 1972). Seed-borne in cacao, cotton, groundnut, loquat, Musa spp., rubber and Strophanthus intermedius (Noble & Richardson, 1968). Also by soil-borne conidia. It may be disseminated by insects (48, 2007; 51, 2936). Conidia on seeds viable for 4 months and mycelium for 1 yr. (44, 1223).

Rhizopus stolonifer. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Sarbhoy
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽  
Artocarpus Integrifolia

Abstract A description is provided for Rhizopus stolonifer. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On fruits: papaya, plum, strawberry, sweet potato, cotton, groundnuts and in rhizosphere soil of various plants, soil and decaying leaves. DISEASE: Causing fruit rot of plum, Jak fruit (Artocarpus integrifolia[Artocarpus integer]), strawberry ('leak'), peach and a rot of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and cotton bolls. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: Air-borne and also by fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, associated with decaying fruit (RAM 43, 576).

Drechslera biseptata. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sivanesan
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Fruit Rot

Abstract A description is provided for Drechslera biseptata. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Agropyron, Aira, Avena, Dactylis, Hordeum, Microlaena, Sorghum, Tetrarrhena, Triticum, Vulpia and Zea; also isolated from Carica papaya (67, 5097). DISEASE: Seed-borne, fruit rot of papaya. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Europe, India, New Zealand, North America. TRANSMISSION: Wind-borne conidia, seed-borne (59, 2159).

Gibberella fujikuroi var. subglutinans. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Gibberella Fujikuroi ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Pokkah Boeng ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Southern Rhodesia

Abstract A description is provided for Gibberella fujikuroi var. subglutinans. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On several hosts of economic importance in the Gramineae; also on a wide range of hosts represented by the following families: Amaryllidaceae, Anacardiaceae, Bromeliaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cruciferae, Iridaceae, Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Malvaceae, Marantaceae, Musaceae, Palmae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae, Sterculiaceae (14: 708; 31: 515; 36: 501; 40: 89 and Herb. IMI). DISEASES: Causes a seedling blight, and root, stalk and kernel rot of maize; also on heads and stalks of sorghum associated with a foot and stem rot, and causing a stem rot and top rot of sugar-cane ('pokkah boeng'). Other records include a wilt of Crotalaria, a heart rot of leaves of banana and Manila hemp, and fruit rot of banana, cacao and pineapple. There appear to be no references to pathogenicity to rice. Also entomogenous on cereal stem borer larvae and other insects (27: 71; 33: 382; 38: 141, 740). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Central African Republic, Congo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mauritius, Morocco, Reunion, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Southern Rhodesia, Tanganyika, Uganda); Asia (Formosa (Taiwan), Hong Kong, India, Java, Indo-China, Philippines, Syria); Australasia (Hawaii, New South Wales, New Zealand, Victoria); Europe (Czechoslovakia, Germany,? Italy, Poland, Romania); Central America & West Indies (French Antilles, Honduras, Trinidad); North America (Canada, United States); South America (Argentina, Peru). (CMI Map 191). TRANSMISSION: Both seed and soil-borne. Air-borne ascospores produced from perithecia on over-wintered plant debris or on dead stalks of sugar-cane at the beginning of the rainy season are also important sources of infection (30: 344). The pathogen may also be disseminated on pupae and adults of cereal stem borers and their parasites in sugar-cane (33: 382).

Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Phytophthora Nicotianae ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Piper Betle ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Southern Rhodesia

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a very wide range of host plants comprising 58 families including: avocado, castor, Cinchona spp., citrus, cotton, eggplant, guava, lucerne, papaw, parsley, pineapple, Piper betle, rhubarb, sesame, strawberry, tomato. DISEASES: Damping-off of seedlings (tomato, castor, citrus, cotton); root rot (citrus, avocado, strawberry, lucerne); crown rot (parsley, rhubarb, strawberry, lucerne); brown stem rot of tobacco; stem canker and tip blight of Cinchona spp. ; leaf blight (castor, sesame, pineapple, Piper betle) and fruit rot (citrus, tomato, guava, papaw, eggplant). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Mali, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Southern Rhodesia, Tanganyika); Asia (Burma, Ceylon, China, Formosa, India, Israel, Japan, Java, Malaya, Philippines); Australia & Oceania (Australia, Hawaii, Tasmania); Europe (Cyprus, France, Germany, Great Britain, Holland, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, U.S.S.R.); North America (Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, U.S.A.); Central America & West Indies (Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Trinidad);. South America (Argentina, Brazil, British Guiana, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, spreading rapidly after heavy rain or where soil remains moist or water-logged (40: 470). Also recorded in drainage water in India and in reservoirs and canals supplying citrus groves in U.S.A. (23: 45; 39: 24). A method for determining a disease potential index in soil using lemon fruit has been described (38: 4). Also present in testas of seeds from diseased citrus fruit which may infect nursery seedbeds (37: 165).

Diaporthe capsici. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Diaporthe capsici. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Capsicum spp. DISEASE: Dieback (Anon., 1972) and fruit rot of chillies, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria); Asia (India, Sabah, Sarawak, Western Malaysia, Philippines); Australasia & Oceania (Fiji, Solomon Is.); West Indies (Trinidad). TRANSMISSION: No studies reported; presumably by conidia spread by rain splash although it is probable that the fungus might also be seed borne.

Alternaria longissima. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. David
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Wind Dispersal ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Pennisetum Typhoides ◽  
Stem Necrosis ◽  
Diverse Plant

Abstract A description is provided for Alternaria longissima. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On pollen grains, husks and grains of numerous members of the Poaceae, such as Zea mays, Pennisetum typhoides, Saccharum officinarum and Oryza sativa; on seeds of Sesamum and Capsicum, and on diverse plant debris. DISEASE: None is normally caused in the natural environment, however it is reported as causing stem and leaf blight of sunflowers in Thailand (71, 5765), as well as a zonate leaf spot and stem necrosis of Sesamum (61, 5893). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Egypt, Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Zambia. C. & S. America: Cuba, Venezuela. N. America: Bermuda, USA (GA, NC). Asia: Bhutan, Brunei, India, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand. Europe: Ukraine. Australasia & Oceania: Australia (QLD, VIC), New Zealand, Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal, New Georgia). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia as well as on seeds.

Nematospora gossypii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1968 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Mukerji
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Hibiscus Cannabinus ◽  
Phaseolus Lunatus ◽  
Dry Rot ◽  
Asclepias Curassavica ◽  
Datura Metel ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
High Sugar Content ◽  
Boll Rot

Abstract A description is provided for Nematospora gossypii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Gossypium hirsutum. Also on Abutilon spp., Asclepias curassavica, Centrosema plumieri, Citrus aurantium, C. nobilis, Coffea arabica, C. robusta, Datura metel, Glycine max, Gossypium herbaceum var. africanum, Gossypium spp., Hibiscus cannabinus, H. esculentus, H. vitifolius, Lycopersicum esculentum, Persea gratissima, Phaseolus lunatus, P. mungo, P. vulgaris, Sida spp., Sterculia platanifolia, Thespesia garckeana and Vigna spp. (30: 124). DISEASES: Internal Boll Rot or staining of Cotton or Stigmatomycosis. The lint fibres become dirty yellowish-brown and the seed coat is stained with brown spots. With age the lint loosens from the seeds and becomes reduced to a papery membrane. The fungus forms a mat on the seed surface but does not penetrate this unless already mechanically injured. Infection results either in premature dropping of the bolls or in a drying out of those which remain on the plant. The discolouration of the lint is due to toxins produced by the fungus (Pearson & Maxwell Darling, 1958). A number of factors affect the degree of infection of cotton bolls such as age, sugar content of the bolls and humidity. Young bolls with high sugar content are highly susceptible. Incidence of infection increases with increase in humidity (27: 361; 39: 230). In coffee it causes dry rot, the beans become black and shrunken. Leguminous seeds become dry, shrivelled and dark. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda), Asia (Burma, India); Central America and the Caribbean and U.S.A. (CMI Map 153, ed. 3, 1959; 30: 124; 39: 413). TRANSMISSION: The fungus is mechanically transmitted from plant to plant on the mouth parts of hemipterous insects (10: 519; 18: 309; Wickens, 1942; Pearson & Maxwell Darling, 1958) including species of Dysdercus (cotton strainers), Nezara (green bug), Leptoglossus (leaf-footed tomato bug), Phthia (red tomato bug), Antestia (coffee bug) and Callidea. Of these, species of Dysdercus are the more common carriers. The fungus may enter through an open wound but generally infection accompanies insect punctures. The needle shaped ascospores are especially well adapted for this mode of infection (29: 211). The fungus is not a soil inhabitant but may persist in a viable condition from one season to the next on fallen diseased bolls in damp conditions as well as in insect exuviae. The fungus survives in the seeds of malvaceous plants in the off-season and from these it is carried to the cotton crop by migrant adults of Dysdercus (Pearson & Maxwell Darling, 1958).

Phoma prunicola. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Morgan-Jones
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Fruit Rot

Abstract A description is provided for Phoma prunicola. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Malus spp., Prunus spp., and a variety of other substrates. DISEASE: Leaf spot of apple, pear and species of Prunus. Thought to be a secondary invader. Isolated from fruit rot of lemon (31: 487). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania); Asia (India, Israel); Australasia (Tasmania); Europe (Bulgaria, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, U.S.S.R.); N. America (United States). TRANSMISSION: Probably seed and soil borne. Dissemination by rain.

Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus. [Distribution map].

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Necrosis Virus ◽  
Chrysanthemum Stem Necrosis Virus ◽  
Stem Necrosis ◽  
Virus Distribution ◽  
New Distribution ◽  
Distribution In Europe

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus. Bunyavirales: Tospoviridae: Orthotospovirus. Hosts: chrysanthemum (Dendranthema [Chrysanthemum] spp.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Belgium, Italy, Mainland Italy, Netherlands, Slovenia, UK, England and Wales), Asia (Iran, Japan, Honshu, Korea Republic), South America (Brazil, Ceara, Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo).

Pseudomonas lachrymans. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Pseudomonas Lachrymans

Abstract A description is provided for Pseudomonas lachrymans. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Cucumis sativus and C. anguria. It may also attack C. melo var. inodorus (26: 140) and some other cucurbits. Elliott (31: 105) lists 10 hosts, all in the Cucurbitaceae. DISEASE: Angular leaf spot of cucumber. Small water-soaked spots appear on the leaves, petioles, stems, and fruits. On leaves they enlarge and become angular as they are delimited by veins They become tan to brown and the necrotic centres may fall out. On petioles, stems, and fruit spots develop white crusty bactenal exudate. A fruit rot develops if the bacteria penetrate deeply. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North and parts of Central America, most of Europe, U.S.S.R., China, Japan, W. Australia, Israel, southern Africa. (CMI Map 355, ed. 2, 1964). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is seed-borne and infects the cotyledons dunng germination. It can overwinter on infected crop residue in the soil and has been found viable in dry leaf matenal after two and a half years (36: 677). The bacteria are carried from plant to plant within a crop by rain splash and probably by insects (Carsner, 1918; 31: 272). Workers can also spread the disease, particularly when foliage is wet with rain or dew (35: 810).

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