scholarly journals Butyrylated starch is less susceptible to enzymic hydrolysis and increases large-bowel butyrate more than high-amylose maize starch in the rat

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balázs H. Bajka ◽  
David L. Topping ◽  
Lynne Cobiac ◽  
Julie M. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Large Bowel ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Rat Growth ◽  
Food Applications ◽  
High Amylose

Large-bowel fermentation of resistant starch produces SCFA that are believed to be important in maintaining visceral function. High-amylose maize starch (HAMS) and acylated starches are sources of resistant starch and are an effective means of increasing colonic SCFA. Cooking increases digestibility of starches but its effects on the capacity of these starches to raise large-bowel SCFA are unknown. We have examined the effects of cooking of HAMS and butyrylated HAMS (HAMSB) on amylolysis in vitro and their capacity to raise caeco-colonic SCFA in rats. The starches were boiled in excess water and microwaved, followed by drying at 100°C. Cooking increased in vitro glucose release for both starches but significantly less from HAMSB. Rat growth rates were unaffected when fed cooked resistant starch. Digesta pH was increased in the caecum and proximal colon of rats fed cooked HAMS. Distal colonic pH was highest in rats fed cooked HAMSB. Factorial analyses (2×2) of caecal SCFA pools showed significant differences between HAMS and HAMSB, and that cooking significantly lowered caecal butyrate pools. Portal venous butyrate concentrations were higher in both HAMSB groups than those fed HAMS. The data suggest that HAMSB is less susceptible to in vitro amylolysis than HAMS following cooking and delivers more butyrate to rat caecum than HAMS. This attribute may be useful in food applications for specific delivery of SCFA to the colon. Preparation of carbohydrates to simulate human food in animal experiments may be important to assess nutritional and physiological effects accurately.

scholarly journals Two high-amylose maize starches with different amounts of resistant starch vary in their effects on fermentation, tissue and digesta mass accretion, and bacterial populations in the large bowel of pigs

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony R. Bird ◽  
Michelle Vuaran ◽  
Ian Brown ◽  
David L. Topping
Keyword(s):  
Large Bowel ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Distal Region ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Waxy Starch ◽  
High Amylose ◽  
The Three Rs

Four groups of young pigs (n6) were fed a diet containing 50 % maize starch as either a highly digestible waxy starch (control; 0 % amylose) or one of three resistant starch (RS) diets, namely a high-amylose maize starch (HAMS; 85 % amylose), this starch subjected to hydrothermal treatment (HTHAMS; 85 % amylose), or a blend of HAMS and HTHAMS included in equal amounts, for 21 d. Food intake and live weight at the end of the study were similar among the four groups. Ileal starch digestibility was lower in pigs fed the three RS diets but was greater for HAMS (88 %) than for HTHAMS (70 %;P < 0·05). Faecal output and large bowel digesta mass, and concentrations and pools of individual and total SCFA were higher (by about two- to threefold; allP < 0·05) and digesta pH lower (by about 1 unit, allP < 0·001) in pigs fed either HAMS or HTHAMS compared to the controls. These differences in biomarkers were seen along the length of the large bowel. Colon length was 0·5–0·9 m longer (19–35 %) in pigs fed the high-RS diets relative to those fed the highly digestible starch diet (P < 0·05). Faecal and proximal colonic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria numbers were higher (by 1 and 3 log units;P < 0·05) in pigs fed the HAMS or HTHAMS diets. Although both high-amylose starches promoted fermentation throughout the large bowel, the data suggest that the effects of HTHAMS may be more pronounced in the distal region compared to those of HAMS.

scholarly journals Bifidobacterium pseudolongum in the Ceca of Rats Fed Hi-Maize Starch Has Characteristics of a Keystone Species in Bifidobacterial Blooms

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Centanni ◽  
Blair Lawley ◽  
Christine A. Butts ◽  
Nicole C. Roy ◽  
Julian Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Bowel ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Keystone Species ◽  
Natural Ecosystem ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Critical Function ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bifidobacterium Animalis ◽  
Rat Gut

ABSTRACT Starches resistant to mammalian digestion are present in foods and pass to the large bowel, where they may be degraded and fermented by the microbiota. Increases in relative abundances of bifidobacteria (blooms) have been reported in rats whose diet was supplemented with Hi-Maize resistant starch. We determined that the bifidobacterial species present in the rat cecum under these circumstances mostly belonged to Bifidobacterium animalis. However, cultures of B. animalis isolated from the rats failed to degrade Hi-Maize starch to any extent. In contrast, Bifidobacterium pseudolongum also detected in the rat microbiota had high starch-degrading ability. Transcriptional comparisons showed increased expression of a type 1 pullulanase, alpha-amylase, and glycogen debranching enzyme by B. pseudolongum when cultured in medium containing Hi-Maize starch. Maltose was released into the culture medium, and B. animalis cultures had shorter doubling times in maltose medium than did B. pseudolongum. Thus, B. pseudolongum, which was present at a consistently low abundance in the microbiota, but which has extensive enzymatic capacity to degrade resistant starch, showed the attributes of a keystone species associated with the bifidobacterial bloom. IMPORTANCE This study addresses the microbiology and function of a natural ecosystem (the rat gut) using DNA-based observations and in vitro experimentation. The microbial community of the large bowel of animals, including humans, has been studied extensively through the use of high-throughput DNA sequencing methods and advanced bioinformatics analysis. These studies reveal the compositions and genetic capacities of microbiotas but not the intricacies of how microbial communities function. Our work, combining DNA sequence analysis and laboratory experiments with cultured strains of bacteria, revealed that the increased abundance of bifidobacteria in the rat gut, induced by feeding indigestible starch, involved a species that cannot itself degrade the starch (Bifidobacterium animalis) but cohabits with a species that can (Bifidobacterium pseudolongum). B. pseudolongum has the characteristics of a keystone species in the community because it had low abundance but high ability to perform a critical function, the hydrolysis of resistant starch.

Resistant-Starch Formation in High-Amylose Maize Starch during Kernel Development

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (13) ◽  
pp. 8043-8047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongxin Jiang ◽  
Junyi Lio ◽  
Mike Blanco ◽  
Mark Campbell ◽  
Jay-lin Jane
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Kernel Development ◽  
High Amylose ◽  
Starch Formation

scholarly journals In Vitro and In Vivo Digestibility of Native Maize Starch Granules Varying in Amylose Contents

2007 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 1628-1634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Morita ◽  
Yusuke Ito ◽  
Ian Lewis Brown ◽  
Ryuichi Ando ◽  
Shuhachi Kiriyama
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Amylose Content ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Gelatinization Temperature ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Positive Linear Correlation

Abstract Digestibility of maize starch granules with different amylose content (AL-0, 22, 54, 68, 80, or 90) was investigated. Measurement of the in vivo resistant starch (RS) content of the starches was performed using surgically prepared ileorectostomized rats. The rats were fed a purified diet containing one of the starches at 652.5 g/kg diet. The in vivo RS content was determined based on the fecal starch excretion. The dietary fiber (DF) value increased as a function of the amylose content in the starch and showed a positive linear correlation with the gelatinization temperature of the granules. In contrast, the in vitro RS content was likely to depend on both the surface area and amylose contents of the starch granules. The maximum in vitro RS content was obtained with AL-68 (54.4). In vivo RS content showed a significant correlation with the amount of in vitro RS but not in respect to the DF detected. The in vivo RS content of AL-68 (43.4) was higher than that found in AL-90 (37.8). A profound gap was observed for AL-54 between the amount of DF (6.4) and RS (in vitro = 46.6 and in vivo = 40.9) present. The results suggest that both in vitro and in vivo digestibility of maize starch is affected by the amylose content and surface area of the granules. The current evaluation suggests that the physiological occurrence of RS from maize starch might be predictable by reference to the in vitro RS value.

scholarly journals Hydrothermal treatment of Novelose 330 results in high yield of resistant starch type 3 with beneficial prebiotic properties and decreased secondary bile acid formation in rats

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 1063-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisela Jacobasch ◽  
Gerhard Dongowski ◽  
Detlef Schmiedl ◽  
Katrin Müller-Schmehl
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acids ◽  
Large Bowel ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Secondary Bile Acid ◽  
Mucosal Regeneration ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Secondary Bile Acids

Annealing and heat-moisture treatment (HMT) are shown to be suitable methods to increase the yield of resistant starch type 3 (RS3) from Novelose 330 by up to 75%. Peak temperatures of approximately 121°C were used to produce to a sufficiently high thermal stability of the hydrothermal modified RS3 products for a wide range of applications. HMT significantly increased the crystallinity up to 40%.An in vivofeeding experiment with Wistar rats showed that fermentation of Novelose 330 dominated in the proximal colon, but degradation of HMT-Novelose was more dominant in the distal colon, leading to higher butyrate concentrations in this segment of the large bowel. Large-bowel surface and crypt length increased in the proximal colon in rats fed the Novelose 330-containing diet. In contrast, after the intake of HMT-Novelose, maximal values were found in the distal segment. The lower pH and higher butyrate concentration of the caecal and colonic contents significantlysuppressed the formation of secondary bile acids in RS3-fed rats. The formation of secondary bile acids was inhibited more strongly by HMT-Novelose than by Novelose 330. The Ki-67-immunopositive epithelial cells in the colon of RS3-fed rats indicated the establishment of an optimalbalance in the dynamic process of mucosal regeneration. HMT provides a method for the economical production of a high-quality RS3 with dominating prebiotic properties in the distal colon for health-promoting applications.

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