scholarly journals Hydrothermal treatment of Novelose 330 results in high yield of resistant starch type 3 with beneficial prebiotic properties and decreased secondary bile acid formation in rats

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 1063-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisela Jacobasch ◽  
Gerhard Dongowski ◽  
Detlef Schmiedl ◽  
Katrin Müller-Schmehl
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acids ◽  
Large Bowel ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Secondary Bile Acid ◽  
Mucosal Regeneration ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Secondary Bile Acids

Annealing and heat-moisture treatment (HMT) are shown to be suitable methods to increase the yield of resistant starch type 3 (RS3) from Novelose 330 by up to 75%. Peak temperatures of approximately 121°C were used to produce to a sufficiently high thermal stability of the hydrothermal modified RS3 products for a wide range of applications. HMT significantly increased the crystallinity up to 40%.An in vivofeeding experiment with Wistar rats showed that fermentation of Novelose 330 dominated in the proximal colon, but degradation of HMT-Novelose was more dominant in the distal colon, leading to higher butyrate concentrations in this segment of the large bowel. Large-bowel surface and crypt length increased in the proximal colon in rats fed the Novelose 330-containing diet. In contrast, after the intake of HMT-Novelose, maximal values were found in the distal segment. The lower pH and higher butyrate concentration of the caecal and colonic contents significantlysuppressed the formation of secondary bile acids in RS3-fed rats. The formation of secondary bile acids was inhibited more strongly by HMT-Novelose than by Novelose 330. The Ki-67-immunopositive epithelial cells in the colon of RS3-fed rats indicated the establishment of an optimalbalance in the dynamic process of mucosal regeneration. HMT provides a method for the economical production of a high-quality RS3 with dominating prebiotic properties in the distal colon for health-promoting applications.

scholarly journals Deoxycholic acid activates colonic afferent nerves via 5-HT3 receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (3) ◽  
pp. G275-G284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Yu ◽  
Egina C. Villalobos-Hernandez ◽  
Sabindra Pradhananga ◽  
Corey C. Baker ◽  
Christopher Keating ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acids ◽  
Deoxycholic Acid ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
High Threshold ◽  
Secondary Bile Acid ◽  
Afferent Nerves ◽  
Spinal Afferents

Increased bile acids in the colon can evoke increased epithelial secretion resulting in diarrhea, but little is known about whether colonic bile acids contribute to abdominal pain. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying activation of colonic extrinsic afferent nerves and their neuronal cell bodies by a major secondary bile acid, deoxycholic acid (DCA). All experiments were performed on male C57BL/6 mice. Afferent sensitivity was evaluated using in vitro extracellular recordings from mesenteric nerves in the proximal colon (innervated by vagal and spinal afferents) and distal colon (spinal afferents only). Neuronal excitability of cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and nodose ganglion (NG) neurons was examined with perforated patch clamp. Colonic 5-HT release was assessed using ELISA, and 5-HT immunoreactive enterochromaffin (EC) cells were quantified. Intraluminal DCA increased afferent nerve firing rate concentration dependently in both proximal and distal colon. This DCA-elicited increase was significantly inhibited by a 5-HT3 antagonist in the proximal colon but not in the distal colon, which may be in part due to lower 5-HT immunoreactive EC cell density and lower 5-HT levels in the distal colon following DCA stimulation. DCA increased the excitability of DRG neurons, whereas it decreased the excitability of NG neurons. DCA potentiated mechanosensitivity of high-threshold spinal afferents independent of 5-HT release. Together, this study suggests that DCA can excite colonic afferents via direct and indirect mechanisms but the predominant mechanism may differ between vagal and spinal afferents. Furthermore, DCA increased mechanosensitivity of high-threshold spinal afferents and may be a mechanism of visceral hypersensitivity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Deoxycholic acid (DCA) directly excites spinal afferents and, to a lesser extent, indirectly via mucosal 5-HT release. DCA potentiates mechanosensitivity of high-threshold spinal afferents independent of 5-HT release. DCA increases vagal afferent firing in proximal colon via 5-HT release but directly inhibits the excitability of their cell bodies.

scholarly journals A novel high-amylose barley cultivar (Hordeum vulgare var. Himalaya 292) lowers plasma cholesterol and alters indices of large-bowel fermentation in pigs

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony R. Bird ◽  
Michelle Jackson ◽  
Roger A. King ◽  
Debra A. Davies ◽  
Sylvia Usher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Large Bowel ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Barley Cultivar ◽  
Bacterial Fermentation ◽  
Oat Bran

Hordeum vulgare var. Himalaya 292 is a new barley cultivar with altered starch synthesis and less total starch but more amylose, resistant starch (RS) and total and soluble NSP including β-glucan. To determine its nutritional potential, young pigs were fed diets containing stabilised wholegrain flours from either Himalaya 292, Namoi (a commercial barley), wheat bran or oat bran at equivalent dietary NSP concentrations for 21 d. Serum total cholesterol was significantly lowered by the Himalaya 292 diet relative to wheat bran, indicating that Himalaya 292 retained its hypocholesterolaemic potential. In all groups SCFA concentrations were highest in the proximal colon and decreased towards the rectum. Digesta pH was lowest in the proximal colon and highest in the distal colon. Large-bowel and faecal pH were significantly lower in the pigs fed the barley and oat diets, indicating greater bacterial fermentation. Caecal and proximal colonic pH was lowest and SCFA pools highest in the pigs fed Himalaya 292. Total and individual SCFA were lowest in the mid- and distal colon of the pigs fed Himalaya 292 or oat bran. These data suggest the presence of more RS in Himalaya 292 and suggest that its fermentation was rapid relative to transit. Differences in faecal and large-bowel anaerobic, aerobic, coliform and lactic acid bacteria were relatively small, indicating a lack of a specific prebiotic action. These data support the potential of this novel barley cultivar to improve health through plasma cholesterol reduction and increased large-bowel SCFA production.

Identification of unique bile acid-metabolizing bacteria from the microbiome of centenarians

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenya Honda ◽  
Yuko Sato ◽  
Koji Atarashi ◽  
Damian Plichta ◽  
Yasumichi Arai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Lithocholic Acid ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Bile Acid Metabolism ◽  
Critical Determinant ◽  
Secondary Bile Acid ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
Secondary Bile Acids

Abstract Centenarians, or individuals who have lived more than a century, represent the ultimate model of successful longevity associated with decreased susceptibility to ageing-associated illness and chronic inflammation. The gut microbiota is considered to be a critical determinant of human health and longevity. Here we show that centenarians (average 107 yo) have a distinct gut microbiome enriched in microbes capable of generating unique secondary bile acids, including iso-, 3-oxo-, and isoallo-lithocholic acid (LCA), as compared to elderly (85-89 yo) and young (21-55 yo) controls. Among these bile acids, the biosynthetic pathway for isoalloLCA had not been described previously. By screening 68 bacterial isolates from a centenarian’s faecal microbiota, we identified Parabacteroides merdae and Odoribacteraceae strains as effective producers of isoalloLCA. Furthermore, we generated and tested mutant strains of P. merdae to show that the enzymes 5α-reductase (5AR) and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSDH) were responsible for isoalloLCA production. This secondary bile acid derivative exerted the most potent antimicrobial effects among the tested bile acid compounds against gram-positive (but not gram-negative) multidrug-resistant pathogens, including Clostridioides difficile and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. These findings suggest that specific bile acid metabolism may be involved in reducing the risk of pathobiont infection, thereby potentially contributing to longevity.

Effect of dietary fibers on rat large bowel mucosal growth and cell proliferation

1984 ◽  
Vol 246 (4) ◽  
pp. G378-G385 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Jacobs ◽  
J. R. Lupton
Keyword(s):  
Large Bowel ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Turnover Time ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dietary Fibers ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Oat Bran ◽  
Mucosal Mass

The effects of three different fibers on large intestinal mucosal mass per unit length, crypt morphometrics, and cytokinetics were compared by feeding fiber supplements to 40 rats for 4 wk. A control group of rats was fed a fiber-free diet and the experimental groups received the same diet, uniformly diluted by the addition (wt/wt) of 20% oat bran, 10% pectin, or 10% guar. All groups of rats exhibited equal caloric intakes and weight gains. Guar consistently produced an increase in cecal and colonic mucosal wet weight, DNA, and RNA when compared with the control group (P less than 0.05). DNA levels were increased in the cecum and proximal colon of the pectin group but remained unaltered in those rats fed oat bran. Autoradiographic measurements demonstrated that epithelial cell turnover time was longer in the distal colon of the guar and pectin groups (P less than 0.001), but shorter in the proximal colon of the oat bran group, when compared with the controls (P less than 0.01). This comparative study provides further insight into the possible mechanisms by which specific dietary fibers elicit a hyperproliferative response in the large bowel.

scholarly journals Antibiotic-Induced Alterations of the Gut Microbiota Alter Secondary Bile Acid Production and Allow for Clostridium difficile Spore Germination and Outgrowth in the Large Intestine

mSphere ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Casey M. Theriot ◽  
Alison A. Bowman ◽  
Vincent B. Young
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Secondary Bile Acid ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Secondary Bile Acids

ABSTRACT Antibiotics alter the gastrointestinal microbiota, allowing for Clostridium difficile infection, which is a significant public health problem. Changes in the structure of the gut microbiota alter the metabolome, specifically the production of secondary bile acids. Specific bile acids are able to initiate C. difficile spore germination and also inhibit C. difficile growth in vitro, although no study to date has defined physiologically relevant bile acids in the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we define the bile acids C. difficile spores encounter in the small and large intestines before and after various antibiotic treatments. Antibiotics that alter the gut microbiota and deplete secondary bile acid production allow C. difficile colonization, representing a mechanism of colonization resistance. Multiple secondary bile acids in the large intestine were able to inhibit C. difficile spore germination and growth at physiological concentrations and represent new targets to combat C. difficile in the large intestine. It is hypothesized that the depletion of microbial members responsible for converting primary bile acids into secondary bile acids reduces resistance to Clostridium difficile colonization. To date, inhibition of C. difficile growth by secondary bile acids has only been shown in vitro. Using targeted bile acid metabolomics, we sought to define the physiologically relevant concentrations of primary and secondary bile acids present in the murine small and large intestinal tracts and how these impact C. difficile dynamics. We treated mice with a variety of antibiotics to create distinct microbial and metabolic (bile acid) environments and directly tested their ability to support or inhibit C. difficile spore germination and outgrowth ex vivo. Susceptibility to C. difficile in the large intestine was observed only after specific broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment (cefoperazone, clindamycin, and vancomycin) and was accompanied by a significant loss of secondary bile acids (deoxycholate, lithocholate, ursodeoxycholate, hyodeoxycholate, and ω-muricholate). These changes were correlated to the loss of specific microbiota community members, the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families. Additionally, physiological concentrations of secondary bile acids present during C. difficile resistance were able to inhibit spore germination and outgrowth in vitro. Interestingly, we observed that C. difficile spore germination and outgrowth were supported constantly in murine small intestinal content regardless of antibiotic perturbation, suggesting that targeting growth of C. difficile will prove most important for future therapeutics and that antibiotic-related changes are organ specific. Understanding how the gut microbiota regulates bile acids throughout the intestine will aid the development of future therapies for C. difficile infection and other metabolically relevant disorders such as obesity and diabetes. IMPORTANCE Antibiotics alter the gastrointestinal microbiota, allowing for Clostridium difficile infection, which is a significant public health problem. Changes in the structure of the gut microbiota alter the metabolome, specifically the production of secondary bile acids. Specific bile acids are able to initiate C. difficile spore germination and also inhibit C. difficile growth in vitro, although no study to date has defined physiologically relevant bile acids in the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we define the bile acids C. difficile spores encounter in the small and large intestines before and after various antibiotic treatments. Antibiotics that alter the gut microbiota and deplete secondary bile acid production allow C. difficile colonization, representing a mechanism of colonization resistance. Multiple secondary bile acids in the large intestine were able to inhibit C. difficile spore germination and growth at physiological concentrations and represent new targets to combat C. difficile in the large intestine.

scholarly journals Isomaltulose Exhibits Prebiotic Activity, and Modulates Gut Microbiota, the Production of Short Chain Fatty Acids, and Secondary Bile Acids in Rats

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2464
Author(s):  
Zhan-Dong Yang ◽  
Yi-Shan Guo ◽  
Jun-Sheng Huang ◽  
Ya-Fei Gao ◽  
Fei Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Secondary Bile Acid ◽  
Prebiotic Activity ◽  
Secondary Bile Acids ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

In vitro experiments have indicated prebiotic activity of isomaltulose, which stimulates the growth of probiotics and the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). However, the absence of in vivo trials undermines these results. This study aims to investigate the effect of isomaltulose on composition and functionality of gut microbiota in rats. Twelve Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into two groups: the IsoMTL group was given free access to water containing 10% isomaltulose (w/w), and the control group was treated with normal water for five weeks. Moreover, 16S rRNA sequencing showed that ingestion of isomaltulose increased the abundances of beneficial microbiota, such as Faecalibacterium and Phascolarctobacterium, and decreased levels of pathogens, including Shuttleworthia. Bacterial functional prediction showed that isomaltulose affected gut microbial functionalities, including secondary bile acid biosynthesis. Targeted metabolomics demonstrated that isomaltulose supplementation enhanced cholic acid concentration, and reduced levels of lithocholic acid, deoxycholic acid, dehydrocholic acid, and hyodeoxycholic acid. Moreover, the concentrations of propionate and butyrate were elevated in the rats administered with isomaltulose. This work suggests that isomaltulose modulates gut microbiota and the production of SCFAs and secondary bile acids in rats, which provides a scientific basis on the use of isomaltulose as a prebiotic.

scholarly journals Strain-dependent inhibition of Clostridioides difficile by commensal Clostridia encoding the bile acid inducible (bai) operon

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.D. Reed ◽  
M.A. Nethery ◽  
A. Stewart ◽  
R. Barrangou ◽  
C.M. Theriot
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Secondary Bile Acid ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Strain Dependent ◽  
Secondary Bile Acids

AbstractClostridioides difficile is one of the leading causes of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Gut microbiota-derived secondary bile acids and commensal Clostridia that encode the bile acid inducible (bai) operon are associated with protection from C. difficile infection (CDI), although the mechanism is not known. In this study we hypothesized that commensal Clostridia are important for providing colonization resistance against C. difficile due to their ability to produce secondary bile acids, as well as potentially competing against C. difficile for similar nutrients. To test this hypothesis, we examined the ability of four commensal Clostridia encoding the bai operon (C. scindens VPI 12708, C. scindens ATCC 35704, C. hiranonis, and C. hylemonae) to convert CA to DCA in vitro, and if the amount of DCA produced was sufficient to inhibit growth of a clinically relevant C. difficile strain. We also investigated the competitive relationship between these commensals and C. difficile using an in vitro co-culture system. We found that inhibition of C. difficile growth by commensal Clostridia supplemented with CA was strain-dependent, correlated with the production of ∼2 mM DCA, and increased expression of bai operon genes. We also found that C. difficile was able to outcompete all four commensal Clostridia in an in vitro co-culture system. These studies are instrumental in understanding the relationship between commensal Clostridia and C. difficile in the gut, which is vital for designing targeted bacterial therapeutics. Future studies dissecting the regulation of the bai operon in vitro and in vivo and how this affects CDI will be important.ImportanceCommensal Clostridia encoding the bai operon such as C. scindens have been associated with protection against CDI, however the mechanism for this protection is unknown. Herein, we show four commensal Clostridia that encode the bai operon effect C. difficile growth in a strain-dependent manner, with and without the addition of cholate. Inhibition of C. difficile by commensals correlated with the efficient conversion of cholate to deoxycholate, a secondary bile acid that inhibits C. difficile germination, growth, and toxin production. Competition studies also revealed that C. difficile was able to outcompete the commensals in an in vitro co-culture system. These studies are instrumental in understanding the relationship between commensal Clostridia and C. difficile in the gut, which is vital for designing targeted bacterial therapeutics.

scholarly journals Excretion of ciprofloxacin into the large bowel of the rabbit.

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Ramon ◽  
S Dautrey ◽  
R Farinoti ◽  
C Carbon ◽  
E Rubinstein
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sigmoid Colon ◽  
Large Bowel ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Parenteral Dose ◽  
Colonic Flora ◽  
Intestinal Elimination ◽  
Calculated Fraction

The intestinal elimination of ciprofloxacin in the large bowel was studied in a rabbit model. Segments from the cecum, colon, and sigmoid colon along with their intact blood vessels were isolated and perfused, and their contents were collected over a 90-min period following the administration of a single parenteral dose of 27 mg of ciprofloxacin per kg of body weight. The elimination rates of ciprofloxacin were 0.126 +/- 0.084 micrograms.min-1.cm-2 in the cecum and 0.264 +/- 0.126, 0.11 +/- 0.07, and 0.21 +/- 0.141 micrograms.min-1.cm-2 in the proximal colon, distal colon, and sigmoid colon, respectively. The calculated fraction of ciprofloxacin eliminated in the large bowel was 3% of the parenteral dose administered. The elimination pattern of ciprofloxacin in the large bowel may explain the unusual activity of this fluoroquinolone in modifying the colonic flora.

scholarly journals Temporal Fluctuations of Gut Microbiota and Bile Acid Metabolism in Critically Ill Children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iain Robert Louis Kean ◽  
Josef Wagner ◽  
Anisha Wijeyesekera ◽  
Marcus de Goffau ◽  
Sarah Thurston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Critical Illness ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Critically Ill Children ◽  
Bile Acid Metabolism ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Secondary Bile Acid ◽  
Secondary Bile Acids

Abstract Background: Critical illness frequently requires the use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials to treat life-threatening infection. The resulting impact on microbiome diversity is profound, influencing gastrointestinal fermentation endpoints, host immune response and metabolic activity including the conversion of primary bile acids to secondary bile acids. We previously observed reduced fermentation capacity in the gut microbiota of critically ill children upon hospital admission, but the functional recovery trajectory of the paediatric gut microbiome during critical illness has not been well defined. Here, we longitudinally studied the intestinal microbiome and faecal bile acid profile of critically ill children during hospitalisation in a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). The composition of the microbiome was determined by sequencing of the 16s rRNA gene, and bile acids were measured from faecal water by liquid chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry. Results: In comparison to admission faecal samples, members of Clostridium cluster XIVa and Lachnospiraceae recovered during the late-acute phase (days 8-10) of hospitalisation. Patients with infections had a lower proportion of Lachnospiraceae in their gut microbiota than control microbiota and patients with admitting diagnoses. The proportion of Recovery Associated Bacteria (RAB) was observed to decline with the length of PICU admission. Additionally, the proportions of RAB were reduced in those with systemic infection, respiratory failure, and undergoing surgery. Notably, Clostridioides were positively associated with the secondary bile acid deoxycholic acid, which we hypothesised to driven by secondary bile acid induced sporulation; the ratio of primary to secondary bile acids demonstrated recovery during critical illness. Conclusion: The recovery of secondary bile acids occurs quickly after intervention for critical illness. Bile acid recovery may be induced by the Lachnospiraceae , the composition of which shifts during critical illness. Our data suggest that gut health and early gut microbiota recovery can be assessed by readily quantifiable faecal bile acid profiles.

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