scholarly journals Digestibility and metabolic utilisation of dietary energy in adult sows: influence of addition and origin of dietary fibre

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Le Goff ◽  
L. Le Groumellec ◽  
J. van Milgen ◽  
S. Dubois ◽  
J. Noblet
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Maize Bran ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Effect Of Feeding ◽  
Thermic Effect ◽  
Measurement Period

According to a 4×4 Latin square design, four adult ovariectomised sows fed at a similar energy level (516 kJ ME/kg body weight (BW)0·75per d) received one of four diets successively: a control low-dietary-fibre (DF) diet (diet C, 100 g total DF/kg DM) and three fibre-rich diets (200 g total DF/kg DM) that corresponded to a combination of diet C and maize bran (diet MB), wheat bran (diet WB), or sugar-beet pulp (diet SBP). Sows were adapted to the diet for 12 d before an 8 d measurement period. Digestibility of energy and nutrients in the diets, and total heat production (HP) and its components (fasting HP, activity HP and thermic effect of feeding (TEF), were measured. The TEF was partitioned between a short-term component (TEFst) and a long-term component (TEFlt). Total tract digestibility of nutrients and energy was greater for diet C; among the three other diets, the digestibility coefficients were higher for diet SBP than for diets MB and WB. Energy losses from CH4were linearly related to the digestible total DF intake (+1·4 kJ/g). Fasting HP at zero activity averaged 260 kJ/kg BW0·75per d. Activity HP represented 20 % total HP, or 83 kJ/kg BW0·75per d on average. Total TEF and TEFltwere higher (P<0·05) for diet WB than for the other diets. However, total HP (406 kJ/kg BW0·75per d) was not significantly affected by diet characteristics. Our results suggest that metabolic utilisation of dietary energy is little affected by the addition and origin of DF, at least under the conditions of the present study.

A study of the effect of feeding oils to dairy cows and of the value of the Latin square lay-out in animal experimentation

1938 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank H. Garner ◽  
H. G. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Fats And Oils ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Experimental Errors ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

1. A description is given of an adaptation of the Latin square lay-out to experiments with dairy cows. Experiments were conducted to test the effect of adding various fats and oils to the ration, and since effects were rapidly produced the Latin square technique proved very efficient, experimental errors being rather lower than those usually obtained in experiments with crops.2. Seventeen separate experiments, including, in all, twenty-one different cows (many of whom were used more than once), were conducted; fourteen of these were short-term experiments with unit periods of 5 days, two were medium-term with unit periods of 10 days and one long-term with 20 days.3. Palm oil, butter, lard and possibly cotton-seed oil were found to increase butterfat yield, chiefly by raising the butterfat percentage of the milk. Soya-bean, linseed and whale oils were without effect. Cod-liver oil definitely decreased butterfat percentage and butterfat yield.4. It appears that the beneficial oils are those containing a large proportion of the saturated fatty acids.5. Experiments with the same oil were not always consistent, and it appears that the effect may vary from cow to cow, and also with the same cow at different times.

Influence of dietary fibre on digestive utilization and rate of passage in growing pigs, finishing pigs and adult sows

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.Le Goff ◽  
J. van Milgen ◽  
J. Noblet
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
The Difference

AbstractFour experimental diets differing in the level and the origin of dietary fibre (DF) were studied: a control, low DF diet (diet C, 100 g total dietary fibre (TDF) per kg dry matter (DM)) and three fibre-rich diets (200 g TDF per kg DM) which corresponded to a combination of diet C and maize bran (diet MB), or wheat bran (diet WB), or sugar-beet pulp (diet SBP). During two successive experimental periods, each diet was offered to five pigs at a growing stage (35 kg body weight (BW)) and at a finishing stage (75 kg BW). In addition, four adult ovariectomized sows received successively one of the four diets according to a 4 ✕ 4 Latin-square design. Digestive utilization of energy and nutrients of diets and rate of passage parameters were determined using a pulse dose of ytterbium oxide followed by total faecal collection. Faecal marker excretion was quantified using an age-dependent, one-compartment model, from which the mean retention time in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs (MRT) was obtained. The digestibility of dietary energy and nutrients, especially the DF fraction, increased with the increase in BW from growing to finishing pigs (P < 0.01) and was still higher in adult sows; the difference between pig stages was more pronounced for diet MB. At each stage, the digestibility of energy or nutrients was lower (P < 0.01) for diets MB or WB than for diet SBP. Accordingly, the energy and DF digestibility of sugar-beet pulp was higher and increased much less with BW. The MRT was shorter for diets MB and WB in growing pigs and in sows. Sows had a longer MRT (81 h) than finishing pigs (37 h) and growing pigs (33 h); however, MRT was highly variable between sows. It is concluded that the degree to which different types of DF are digested depends, in part, on the botanical origin, and it may be improved by a longer MRT in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Some fibrous foodstuffs (such as maize-by products) will benefit more from a longer MRT than others.

scholarly journals Influence of Short-Term Consumption of the Caffeine-Free, Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Supplement, Teavigo, on Resting Metabolism and the Thermic Effect of Feeding

Obesity ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark C. Lonac ◽  
Jennifer C. Richards ◽  
Melani M. Schweder ◽  
Tyler K. Johnson ◽  
Christopher Bell
Keyword(s):  
Short Term ◽  
Resting Metabolism ◽  
Effect Of Feeding ◽  
Thermic Effect

The degradation of protein and non-starch polysaccharides from botanically diverse sources of dietary fibre by ponies as measured by the mobile bag technique

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 346-347
Author(s):  
M. Moore-Colyer ◽  
A. C. Longland ◽  
J. J. Hyslop ◽  
D. Cuddeford
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Oat Hulls ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Hind Gut ◽  
Naked Oats

Fibrous foods are major sources of energy and protein for equids. The potentially energy yielding fraction of dietary fibre consists of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). NSP cannot be digested by equine enzymes and in order for the animal to obtain energy from NSP it must be fermented by the gut microflora to yield volatile fatty acid. This fermentation process is less efficient in terms of yield of ATP than the digestion of starch to glucose, and is generally believed to occur solely in the large intestine. Plant protein may be associated with the NSP or the protoplast. However, horses can only utilize that protein which has been digested and absorbed in the small intestine. Thus, knowledge of the site and extent of nutrient degradation is important to enable the accurate formulation of diets for horses. Therefore in the current study the site and extent of NSP and crude protein (CP) degradation from four fibrous foods commonly given to horses in the United Kingdom were determined in caecally fistulated ponies using mobile bags.The trial was a 4 X 3 incomplete Latin square design with three caecally fistulated Welsh X pony geldings (ca. 250 kg live weight) and four botanically diverse sources of dietary fibre. The ponies were maintained on a basal diet of hay and grass nuts and water was available ad libitum. Bags (6X1 cm) of monofilament polyester mesh pore size 4 μm were filled with 350 mg of either unmolassed sugar-beet pulp (SB), hay cubes (HC), soya hulls (SH) or oat hulls : naked oats (2:1) (OH: NO), which had been ground to pass a 1-mm steel mesh. On two consecutive mornings 20 bags were introduced into the ponies via a naso-gastric tube. Each bag contained two 100 mg steel washers which enabled their capture by a magnet placed inside the caecal fistula: the cannulae were positioned just posterior to the ileo-caecal junction. Between 10 and 16 bags were recovered on the magnet, the remaining bags were allowed to continue through the hind-gut and were subsequently collected in the faeces.

Conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) supports core claims of Christiansen and Chater

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.

Ultrastructural investigations of MDL 19,660-induced effects on the canine platelet and megakaryocyte

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-375
Author(s):  
D.E. Loudy ◽  
J. Sprinkle-Cavallo ◽  
J.T. Yarrington ◽  
F.Y. Thompson ◽  
J.P. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Antidepressant Drug ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Induced Aggregation ◽  
Internal Architecture

Previous short term toxicological studies of one to two weeks duration have demonstrated that MDL 19,660 (5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-2,4-dimethyl-3Hl, 2,4-triazole-3-thione), an antidepressant drug, causes a dose-related thrombocytopenia in dogs. Platelet counts started to decline after two days of dosing with 30 mg/kg/day and continued to decrease to their lowest levels by 5-7 days. The loss in platelets was primarily of the small discoid subpopulation. In vitro studies have also indicated that MDL 19,660: does not spontaneously aggregate canine platelets and has moderate antiaggregating properties by inhibiting ADP-induced aggregation. The objectives of the present investigation of MDL 19,660 were to evaluate ultrastructurally long term effects on platelet internal architecture and changes in subpopulations of platelets and megakaryocytes.Nine male and nine female beagle dogs were divided equally into three groups and were administered orally 0, 15, or 30 mg/kg/day of MDL 19,660 for three months. Compared to a control platelet range of 353,000- 452,000/μl, a doserelated thrombocytopenia reached a maximum severity of an average of 135,000/μl for the 15 mg/kg/day dogs after two weeks and 81,000/μl for the 30 mg/kg/day dogs after one week.

Comparison of Auditory, Language, Memory, and Attention Abilities in Children With and Without Listening Difficulties

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 710-727
Author(s):  
Beula M. Magimairaj ◽  
Naveen K. Nagaraj ◽  
Alexander V. Sergeev ◽  
Natalie J. Benafield
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

Objectives School-age children with and without parent-reported listening difficulties (LiD) were compared on auditory processing, language, memory, and attention abilities. The objective was to extend what is known so far in the literature about children with LiD by using multiple measures and selective novel measures across the above areas. Design Twenty-six children who were reported by their parents as having LiD and 26 age-matched typically developing children completed clinical tests of auditory processing and multiple measures of language, attention, and memory. All children had normal-range pure-tone hearing thresholds bilaterally. Group differences were examined. Results In addition to significantly poorer speech-perception-in-noise scores, children with LiD had reduced speed and accuracy of word retrieval from long-term memory, poorer short-term memory, sentence recall, and inferencing ability. Statistically significant group differences were of moderate effect size; however, standard test scores of children with LiD were not clinically poor. No statistically significant group differences were observed in attention, working memory capacity, vocabulary, and nonverbal IQ. Conclusions Mild signal-to-noise ratio loss, as reflected by the group mean of children with LiD, supported the children's functional listening problems. In addition, children's relative weakness in select areas of language performance, short-term memory, and long-term memory lexical retrieval speed and accuracy added to previous research on evidence-based areas that need to be evaluated in children with LiD who almost always have heterogenous profiles. Importantly, the functional difficulties faced by children with LiD in relation to their test results indicated, to some extent, that commonly used assessments may not be adequately capturing the children's listening challenges. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12808607

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