scholarly journals Modelling heat production and energy balance in group-housed growing pigs exposed to low or high ambient temperatures

2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Quiniou ◽  
J. Noblet ◽  
J. van Milgen ◽  
S. Dubois
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Large White ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Thermic Effect

The effects of ambient temperature (T; 12–29°C), body weight (BW; 30–90 kg) and metabolisable energy intake (ME) on components of energy balance were studied in seven groups of Piétrain × Large White barrows kept in a respiratory chamber. In Expt 1 (groups 1, 2 and 3), T varied in a cyclic way from 22°C to 12°C and then from 12°C to 22°C with three or four consecutive days at each of 22, 19, 16, 14 and 12°C. Similarly, in Expt 2 (groups 4, 5 and 6), T varied from 19 to 29°C and then from 29 to 19°C with three or four consecutive days at each of 19, 22, 25, 27 and 29°C. In both experiments, pigs were offered feedad libitum. In Expt 3, pigs (group 7) were exposed to the thermic conditions of Expt 1 but their feed allowance was adjusted on a BW basis to thead libitumintake recorded at 19 and 22°C in Expt 1. Groups 1, 2, 4, 5 and 7 were used over two successive cycles with initial average BW of 37 kg at cycle 1 (four pigs per group) and 63 kg at cycle 2 (three pigs per group). Groups 3 and 6 were studied at an intermediary stage of growth; their initial BW was 45 kg. The O2and CO2concentrations, physical activity and feed intake were continuously and simultaneously measured and used to calculate total heat production (HP; HPtot), HP due to physical activity (HPact), activity-free HP (HP0), and thermic effect of feed. HP was modelled as a non-linear function with T, BW and ME as predictors. Results indicate that all components of HP were proportional to BW0·60. Physical activity was minimal between 19 and 27°C (8 % ME). The estimated lower critical temperature was 24°C. Between 24 and 12°C, total thermic effect of feed decreased from 31 to 16 % ME, but the short-term thermic effect of feed (5·1 % ME) remained constant. Equations for prediction of HPtot, HPactand HP0according to BW, T and ME are proposed and evaluated according to literature values; values for the feed cost of thermoregulation in pigs are proposed.

scholarly journals Major determinants of fasting heat production and energetic cost of activity in growing pigs of different body weight and breed/castration combination

1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 509-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Van Milgen ◽  
J. F. Bernier ◽  
Y. Lecozler ◽  
S. Dubois ◽  
J. Noblet
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Large White ◽  
Visceral Mass ◽  
Group A ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

A total of sixty-five observations on heat production during fasting and physical activity were obtained in four groups of pigs differing in breed and/or castration (Meishan (MC) and Large White (LWC) castrates and Large White (LWM) and Piétrain (PM) males) with body weight (BW) ranging between 25 and 60 kg. Pigs were fed ad libitum before fasting. Heat production was measured using indirect calorimetry. Fasting heat production (FHP) was proportional to the body weight raised to the power 0.55, but with group-specific proportionality parameters (810, 1200, 1220 and 1120kJ/kg BW0.55 per d for MC, LWC, LWM and PM respectively). Group effects could be removed by expressing FHP as a function of muscle, viscera and fat: FHP (kJ/d) = 457(muscle)0.81 + 1969(viscera)0.81 - 644(fat)0.81. It is hypothesized that different breeds with equal muscle and visceral mass, can have different FHP. The negative coefficient for fat would then be the result of a low FHP rather than a cause of it. Because a large part of the variation in tissue composition between groups was due to MC group, a separate equation for the lean groups was established. For lean pigs, FHP could be expressed as a function of muscle and viscera alone: FHP (kJ/d) = 508(muscle)0.66 + 2011(viscera)0.66. Both type of pig and BW affected the number of bouts of physical activities (i.e. standing or sitting) per day, the duration of activity and the total cost of activity. Energetic cost of activity was proportional to the muscle mass raised to the power 0.91 (FHPactivity (kJ/h activity) = 21.0(muscle)0.91). Physical activity represented less than 10% of the total heat production in fasting growing pigs housed alone in metabolic cages and kept in a quiet environment.

scholarly journals Effect of high temperature on feeding behaviour and heat production in group-housed young pigs

2001 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Collin ◽  
Jacob van Milgen ◽  
Serge Dubois ◽  
Jean Noblet
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Thermic Effect

To assess the acclimation of pigs to heat stress, the effects of high (33°C) or thermoneutral (23°C) constant temperatures on feeding behaviour and components of energy balance were studied in group-housed young pigs. Three groups of five pigs were used at each temperature. After 1 week of adaptation, voluntary feed intake (VFI) and heat production (HP) were recorded for thirteen consecutive days. Animals were fed ad libitum. Fasting HP was measured on the last day. Average initial body weights (BW) were 21·4 and 20·9 kg at 23 and 33°C respectively. Feeding behaviour was measured individually and rate of feed intake and characteristics of feeding behaviour were calculated. The O2 consumption, CO2 production and physical activity of the group were used to calculate total HP (HPtot) and its components, i.e. fasting HP (HPfas), HP due to physical activity (HPact) and thermic effect of feed (TEF). The BW gain and VFI were reduced by 37 and 30 % respectively at 33°C. The decrease in VFI corresponded to reduced consumption time (-34 %) and size of the meals (-32 %). Feeding behaviour was mostly diurnal (66 % of the VFI), and the rate of feed intake (28 g/min) was not affected by temperature. Daily HPtot, HPfas and TEF, expressed per kg metabolic weight (BW0·60), were significantly decreased at 33°C by 22, 18 and 35 % respectively, whereas HPact was not affected; TEF expressed per g feed was not affected (2 kJ/g). The decrease in HPtot at 33°C was caused by a reduction in TEF and HPfas (kJ/d per/kg BW0·60), which are both related to reduction in VFI.

scholarly journals Thermic effect of glucose and amino acids in man studied by direct and indirect calorimetry

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ph. Pittet ◽  
P. H. Gygax ◽  
E. Jéquier
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Specific Dynamic Action ◽  
Heat Losses ◽  
Thermic Effect

1. In order to reinvestigate the classical concept of specific dynamic action of food, the thermic effect of ingested glucose (50 g) or essential amino acids (50 g) or both was measured in seven healthy male subjects dressed in shorts, by using both direct and indirect calorimetry simultaneously. Experiments were performed under conditions of thermal comfort at 28°.2. Energy ‘balance’ (heat production minus heat losses) was negative during the control period (mean heat deficit: −16.0 ± 0.8 kJ/m2 per h.3. Metabolic rate increased 13.6 ± 1.8% after the glucose load, 17.2 ± 1.4% after amino acids, and 17.3 ± 2.9% after both glucose and amino acids: thus there was no additive thermic effect when both nutrients were given together.4. In contrast to the metabolic rate, heat losses were not significantly altered after nutrient ingestion; consequently, the energy ‘balance’ became rapidly positive.5. These results show that: (a) the food-induced thermogenesis, for a moderate energy intake, is less dependent on the nature of the nutrients than was classically admitted; (b) this increased heat production mainly induces changes in heat storage rather than in heat losses during the first hours following ingestion of a meal.

Effect of diurnally fluctuating high ambient temperatures on performance and feeding behaviour of multiparous lactating sows

2000 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Quiniou ◽  
D. Renaudeau ◽  
S. Dubois ◽  
J. Noblet
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Large White ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Total Food Intake ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractForty-two multiparous Large White sows were used to investigate the effect of diurnally fluctuating temperature (T) on lactation performance and feeding behaviour. The animals were allocated to one of the four thermic treatments: constant T at 25°C (25C) and 29°C (29C) or equal-mean diurnal cyclic T varying from 21 to 29°C (25V) and from 25 to 33°C (29V). Photoperiod was fixed to 14 h of light. The sows were given food ad libitum between the 7th and the 19th day post partům. Lactation performance was measured for all sows whereas the feeding behaviour was recorded only on 28 sows. The ad libitum food intake was comparable at 25C and 25V (6•31 kg/day) as were milk production and body reserves mobilization. In contrast, food intake at 29V was higher than at 29C (4•53 v. 3•48 kg/day) with no difference in milk production between the two treatments. The increased daily food intake at 29V resulted from higher intakes over the coolest periods of the day and especially during the dark period. Neither meal size nor daily number of meals were significantly affected by T. Feeding behaviour was mainly diurnal but with differences between treatments: 0•90 of total food intake at 29C v. 0•78 at the other three T It appears that the effects of diurnally fluctuating T on lactation performance of sows depend on the mean level of T

Amino acid and energy interactions in growing pigs 1. Effects of food intake, sex and live weight on the responses of growing pigs to lysine concentration

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
L. R. Giles ◽  
E. Belinda Dettmann
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Response Surfaces ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Large White ◽  
Lysine Concentration ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Daily Gain

ABSTRACTThe responses of growing pigs to dietary lysine concentration, as influenced by food intake, sex (intact males and females) and live weight were investigated in a 4 x 2 x 2 x 2 factorial experiment involving 128 Large White pigs. Lysine concentrations were 7, 8, 9 and 10 g/kg air-dry food. The basal wheat-soya bean meal diet (14·0 MJ digestible energy per kg) was offered either ad libitum or on a restricted feeding scale to pigs from 20 to 85 kg live weight. During the 50 to 85 kg growth phase, the effects of proportionately reducing the lysine concentrations by 0·2 were investigated. Performance response was assessed in two ways; by analysis of variance for the 20 to 50, 50 to 85 and 20 to 85 kg phases, and by response surface analyses of data from successive 10-kg weight intervals.An initial analysis of variance indicated that food intake (of pigs fed ad libitum), daily gain and food conversion ratio varied with lysine concentration, but that the responses differed with food intake, sex and phase of growth.Analysis of the response surfaces delineated by lysine level and phase of growth indicated that for males and females with restricted food and males fed ad libitum, maximum daily gain was produced by feeding at least 10 g lysine per kg, declining to about 8 g/kg at 80 kg. With females fed ad libitum, maximum daily gain was obtained by feeding 9·9 g lysine per kg at 20 kg, declining to less than 5·6 g/kg at 75 kg.Carcass characteristics were largely unaffected by lysine concentration.

scholarly journals Performance and economic analysis of growing pigs fed diets supplemented with different multi-enzymes complexes

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 285-292
Author(s):  
A. O. Sorunke ◽  
A. O. K. Adesehinwa ◽  
B. A. Boladuro ◽  
D. J. Ogunyemi ◽  
J. O. Abiola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Alpha Amylase ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Beta Glucanase ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
High Fibre ◽  
Ad Libitum

Consumption of high-fibre diet with non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) has the potential to adversely affect energy and nutrient utilization with consequent reduction in pig performance. This study was carried out to investigate the efficacy of three different enzymes cocktail on growth performance of growing pigs fed high-fibre diets.The basal diet served as control (T1). Treatment 2 (T2) contained 0.3 g/kg diet of A (Xylanase, Cellulase, Protease, Alpha-amylase, Beta-glucanase, Phytase and Pectinase), treatment 3 (T3) contained 0.5 g/kg diet of B (Carbohydrases, Beta-glucanase, Pectinase, Protease) while treatment 4 (T4) contained 0.25 g/kg diet of C (Xylanase, Phytase, Alpha – amylase, Protease, Bacillolysin).Sixty grower pigs of an average initial weight of 26.06 ±0.78 kg were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (T) in a completely randomized design with three replicates per treatment and five animals in each replicate. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. Feed intake and weight gain of the pigs were monitored weekly. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the General Linear Model procedures of SAS (2002).There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the performance indices of the pigs though those fedenzyme cocktails had improved daily weight. Lowest feed cost per kg weight gain (? 345.38/kg) was observed in pigs fed diet supplemented with enzyme cocktail at 0.25g/kg. It was concluded that cocktail of enzymes improved daily weight gain of growing pigs fed diets containing non-starch polysaccharides. Also, enzymes cocktail (0.25g/kg) reduced feed cost per kilogram weight gain of the pigs.     La consommation d'aliments riches en fibres avec des polysaccharides non amylacés (NSP) a le potentiel d'affecter négativement l'utilisation de l'énergie et des nutriments avec une réduction conséquente des performances des porcs. Cette étude a été réalisée pour étudier l'efficacité de trois cocktails d'enzymes différents sur les performances de croissance de porcs en croissance nourris avec des régimes riches en fibres. Le régime de base a servi de contrôle (T1). Le traitement 2 (T2) contenait 0,3 g/kg de régime A (Xylanase, Cellulase, Protéase, Alpha-amylase, Bêta-glucanase, Phytase et Pectinase), le traitement 3 (T3) contenait 0,5 g/kg de régime B (Carbohydrases, Bêta -glucanase, Pectinase, Protease) tandis que le traitement 4 (T4) contenait 0,25 g/kg de ration de C (Xylanase, Phytase, Alpha amylase, Protease, Bacillolysin). assignés à quatre traitements diététiques (T) dans une conception complètement randomisée avec trois répétitions par traitement et cinq animaux dans chaque répétition. La nourriture et l'eau étaient fournies ad libitum. La prise alimentaire et le gain de poids des porcs ont été surveillés chaque semaine. Les données ont été soumises à une analyse de variance (ANOVA) à l'aide des procédures du modèle linéaire général de SAS (2002). Il n'y avait pas de différences significatives (P> 0,05) dans les indices de performance des porcs bien que ceux nourris avec des cocktails enzymatiques aient amélioré leur poids quotidien. Le coût alimentaire le plus bas par kg de gain de poids (? 345,38/kg) a été observé chez les porcs nourris avec un régime supplémenté avec un cocktail d'enzymes à 0,25 g/kg. Il a été conclu que le cocktail d'enzymes améliorait le gain de poids quotidien des porcs en croissance nourris avec des régimes contenant des polysaccharides non amylacés. De plus, le cocktail d'enzymes (0,25 g/kg) a réduit le coût des aliments par kilogramme de gain de poids des porcs.

A note on the behaviour and performance of growing pigs provided with straw in a novel housing system

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Arey ◽  
J. M. Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Housing System ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Daily Number ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Number Of Visits ◽  
And Performance

AbstractStraw-Flow is a novel housing system for growing pigs which simplifies the handling of bedding and manure by allowing pigs to take unchopped straw from dispensers. Three groups of 50, 50 and 60 Large-White × Landrace pigs were housed in Straw-Flow pens from 5 to 90 kg. They were supplied daily with 50 to 100 g unchopped straw per pig and given food ad libitum. From 30 to 90 kg, mean growth rate was 863 g/day and food conversion ratio was 2·56 kg food per kg growth. The pigs' behaviour was divided approximately into: 0·820 lying, 0·100 active, 0·075 feeding and 0·005 drinking (on a proportional basis). There were no differences (P > 0·05) between groups or different weights for any of the behaviour categories. The pigs were less active before noon than after noon (P < 0·05). The daily number of visits to the drinker between weights 5 and 25 kg fell from 23·7 to 11·0 (P < 0·05). A single drinker, of new design, appeared to be adequate for a group of 50 to 60 pigs.

Thermoregulatory heat production in cold-reared and warm-reared pigs

1983 ◽  
Vol 244 (2) ◽  
pp. R273-R278 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Heath ◽  
D. L. Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flow ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Nonshivering Thermogenesis ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Ad Libitum

Pigs were reared from 2 wk of age in either 10 or 35 degrees C and fed ad libitum. At 8 wk of age they were tested for the presence of regulatory nonshivering thermogenesis by administration of norepinephrine (NE) and propranolol. In addition, an electromyogram and carotid temperature, as well as a heat flow and skin temperature from one site, were monitored while the pigs were at ambient temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 degrees C. Cold-reared pigs showed a heightened response to NE in cold compared to thermally neutral environments. This was not observed in warm-reared pigs. Propranolol depressed O2 consumption more in cold-reared than in warm-reared pigs. Pigs reared in the cold also showed a higher intensity of shivering, tissue conductance, and skin temperature than warm-reared littermates. The shivering response of cold-reared pigs was more sensitive to changes in skin temperature than in warm-reared pigs.

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